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William of Occam (ca. 1285-1349)
wanted seperation of church and state, wanted limited government
economic effects of the black death
economic and social instability by drastically reducing the workforce in medieval Europe. The labor shortage also led to prices rising, and laborers demanding higher wages. The economic struggle caused serfdom to end in western europe, as landlords were moving over to rents and payments
Joan of arc
peasant girl who led french army to victory over the english in the 100 year's war. Tried as a witch and killed after.
Marsiglio of Padua
Wanted teh church to be subordinate to the state, said church shouldn't be run by the pope, but by a council of clergymen
John Wycliff
Criticized the church & believed in personal interpretation of scripture.
Jan Hus
The leader of the Czech religious reforms, and the spiritual founder of the Protestant reformation in the 1500's. He was convicted by the Council of Constance for heresy.
Growth of vernacular and new colleges and universities helped what?
helped spread literacy
flagellants: confraternities
people who saw black death as gods wrath and whipped themselves: small groups where people devoted themselves to chrisitanity
babylonian captivity
The period from 1309 to 1376 when the popes resided in Avignon rather than in Rome, making the papacy subject to french kings.
great schism
political divides that occured in europe after the papacy returned to rome in 1377, selection of new pope ended it in 1417 with the council of constance
Social effecst of the black death.
1/3 of europes population killed, wealthier people flee the cities. peasants rebelled to poor quality of life and high taxes: English Peasants Revolt in 1381, Jaquerie in France 1358. Fur collar crime occurs with nobles and peasants. People start to marry later because they weren't stable until later in life.
100 years war
England vs. France; Joan of Arc unified France and won it for them.
Ethnicity changes at the time
Europeans started caring more about being "pure blooded", some countries denying citizenship to those who couldn't prove pure blooded ancestry