ARRT - Radiation Therapy Boards Exam

simple consent

implied or expressed consent

expressed consent

does not stop a procedure

inadequate consent

Ignorant consent. This occurs when the patient has not been informed adequately to make a responsible decision.

HIPPA

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996

research PHI info must be removed

curative

definitive Tx has goal to eradicate tumor

palliative

Tx has goal to alleviate symptoms

reduce pain, bleeding, improve breathing

verifying a patient

2 identifiers (name, DOB, medical number)

also: visual (photo), ID bracelet or card

verify before 1st Tx

site, setup, prescription

Beneficence

moral obligation to do good

Nonmaleficence

do no harm

Malpractice

health professional unintentionally acts wrongfully

causing injury

tort

wrongful acts that are intentional or unintentional

battery

harmful, unjustified acts to or against another

touch to harm or touch not permitted

assult

Unlawful threat or attempt to do bodily injury to another

Negligence

failure to act or care for a patient

leading to injury

unintentional tort

False Imprisonment

confinement or restraint without approval

libel

written defamation

intentional tort

slander

spoken defamation

intentional tort

invasion of privacy

violates?

private information shared with those not involved in patients care

(violates HIPPA)

respondent superior

Let the master answer

The employer is responsible for the negligent actions of the employee

Res Ipsa Loquitur

the thing speaks for itself

employee responsible for negligence

written communication

recorded information to be ready by others

(test results sent via email)

verbal communication

speaking & assigning meaning to spoken workds

best form of reading a patient? verbal or nonverbal

non verbal - better to read a patient with body language etc.

examples of ancillary services for patients

hospice, clergy, social services, dietitians

nasal cannula

low flow

1-6L/min

simple face mask

low flow

5-10L/min

allergic reactions

basic symptoms of allergies

rash, hives, itching, fever, swelling, wheezing, runny nose, itchy watery eyes

anaphylaxis

more severe

difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, weak, rapid pulse, seizure, lost of consciousness

fundamentals of CPR

C-A-B compression, airway, breathing

100-120 compressions / min

30-2 adults

15-2 children

value representing diabetic hypoglycemia

below 70mg/dL

meaning of diabetic hypoglycemia

low blood sugar

diabetic ketoacidosis

too many ketones (blood acids) in blood

not enough insulin

what is a pathogen

examples?

causes infection

bacteria, virus, fungi, parasite

Human reservoirs

people carry pathogens

std, measles, strep

animal reservoirs

animals carry pathogens

anthrax, plaque, rabies

environmental reservoirs

plants, soil, & water that carry infectious agents

fungal agents commonly live & multiply in soil

what is a portal of exit & examples

pathogen leaving body

respiratory tract, urine, feces, blood

what is a portal of entry & examples

pathogen entering body

same as exit, but also skin and mucous membrane

examples of a vehicle

food, water, blood, fomite (objects)

examples of a vector

mosquitoes, fleas, ticks

dawning PPE

gown, mask, goggles, gloves

Body, mask, eyes, hands

doffing PPE

gloves, goggles, gown, mask

hands, eyes, body, mask

most common type of nosocomial infection

UTI

shielding blocks are made of

bismuth, lead, tin, cadmium

toxic parts of a shielding block

cadmium, lead

melting point of cerrobend

165F

85C

iodine based contrast

fewer adverse reactions

Gadolinium based contrast

used more in MRI

injected

enhances just about everything in the body

Barium sulfate compounds

for GI

who has a higher change of reaction to contrast

according to who

middle aged

ACR

what is a BUN test

what is the normal value

nitrogen in blood

for kidney function

6-24mg/dL

what does a creatinine test measure

what is the normal value

creatinine in blood

for function and filtering

0.74-1.35mg/dL men

0.59-10.4mg/dL women

what is does an eGFR measure

what is the normal value

filtration rate

above 60 is normal

what does extravasation mean

leaking of drugs or contrast from IV or vein

inflammation & redness

mild contrast systemic effects

urticaria (hives), pruitus (itchy throat), congestion, sneezing, conjunctivitis rhinorrhea

moderate contrast systemic effects

larger area urticaria, pruitus, erythema, facial edema without dyspnea, tight throat, hoarseness, wheezing, bronchospasm

severe contrast systemic effects

diffuse edema, facial edema with dyspnea, diffuse erythema with hypotension, laryngeal edema, wheezing, hypozia, anaphylactic shock, tachycardia

what is a sensitive test vs a specific test

sensitive - detects tumor in early stages

specific - detects specific type of cancer

types of colorectal screenings

what age should this be done

colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, stool test

50+

type of lung cancer screening

what age should this be done

low dose CT

55+

type of breast cancer screening

what age should this be done

mammogram

40+

type of cervical cancer screening

what age should this be done

pap smear

21-65

type of prostate screenings

what age should this be done

PSA 4ng/mL

DRE

50+

sign vs symptom

sign - observed by a medical professional

symptom - observed my the patient

normal body temperature

97.8-99.1

normal pulse rate

60-100 bpm

Normal respiratory rate

12-20 breaths per minute

normal blood pressure

120/80 mmHg

3D vs 2D scans

3D has better detail of air, soft tissue, and bone

imaging modality that uses radiofrequency waves

MRI

imaging modality that uses high-frequency waves

ultrasound

a tumor marker test detects

chemicals made by cancer

tumor marker test for liver cancer

alpha-fetoprotein blood test

with ultrasound

tumor marker test for ovarian cancer

CA-125

with transvaginal ultrasound

vacuum-assisted biopsy

uses suction through a needle

types of surgical biopsies

Incisional - partial

Excisional - whole tumor

what is an antiemetic

examples?

anti-nausea medication

Torecan, Norazine, Compazine

what is an analgesic

examples?

drug that relieves pain

Tylenol, Percocet, MS Contin

Types of anti-inflammatory drugs

hydrocortisone, Diprolene

types of antidiarrheal drugs

Imodium, Lomotil

what can cause bone marrow depression

if 25% or more of bone marrow is in the radiation tx field

Chemotherapy MOPP causes

myelosuppression

affecting RBC, WBC, platelets

anorexia

loss of appetite

leads to cachexia

cachexia

malnutrition, wasting due to illness

T/F MU is required on a prescription

false

hours in between BID treatments

6 hours

how do you read a DVH

vertical line - % of organ

horizontal line - dose to organ

according to NRC what is considered a medical event

overdose of 20% than prescribed

overdose of 50% for one fraction than prescribed

wrong route, wrong patient, wrong source, or leakage of a sealed source is considered a

medical event

a medical event must be reported to the NRC when

15 days

a medical event must be reported to the patient and physician when

24 hours

who is responsible for submitting a report of a medical even

RSO

alpha particles

positive charge

high LET

beta particles

negative charge

low LET

gamma rays

no charge

resemble x-rays (photons)

what is radioactive decay

source emits radiation in an attempt to become stable

what is activity

The rate at which a source decays

SI unit for activity

Becquerel (Bq)

1 Bq =

2.7 x 10^-11 Ci