Year 1 allied health semester 2 sac 1

Define cultural awareness

A sensitivity to the differences and similarities between different cultures, and how to use this awareness in effective communication with an individual from another cultural group

Define cultural safety

Actions that recognise, respect and nurture an individual's unique cultural identity and safely fulfilling their needs, expectations and rights

Define cultural competence

Becoming aware of cultural differences, appreciating and understanding those differences and accepting them

Define diversity

What makes each of us unique, including our backgrounds, personality, life experiences and beliefs. It is a combination of our differences that shape our view of the world, our perspective and our approach.

Features of political diversity

Australia has many political parties, each with different ideas on issues like immigration, climate change, and social welfare. These parties shape the rights, laws, and policies that affect different communities

Features of social diversity

Social diversity enriches communities by bringing in different cultural festivals, foods, and religious practices. It challenges and broadens social norms, leading to a more inclusive society.
Eg. Societal norms around issues like marriage, parenting, career paths, and lifestyles

Features of economic diversity

Australia has strong industries in mining, agriculture, finance, education, and technology. This economic diversity creates many job opportunities and reduces reliance on any single industry, providing stability during economic downturns.

Features of cultural diversity

Festivals, art exhibitions, and celebrations of different traditions that fosters a sense of belonging and pride in a multicultural identity, but also presents challenges in ensuring fair representation and addressing discrimination. Within workplaces, cultural diversity has boosted creativity and problem-solving.

Define discrimination

The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, such as ethnicity, age, sex, or disability.

Relevant legislation for discrimination

Equal Opportunity 2010 (VIC): Dictates regulations regarding equal treatment of staff and service users without discrimination on the basis of age, ethnic origin, sex, pregnancy, race, marital status, age or religion.

Why should age be considered in terms of discrimination?

Age diversity is important as younger people can learn a lot from people with experience. The same can also be said for older people who can learn a lot about new technologies and social trends from younger people.

What is a disability?

A mental or physical condition which can be caused by genetics, disease, trauma or an
accident.

• Physical conditions can affect a person's mobility, such as their ability to function and/or their ability to see or hear.
• A mental disability can affect their thinking and ability to learn.

What is relevant legislation for preventing discrimination due to disability?

Disability Discrimination Act 1992: This Act prohibits any discrimination against people with a disability in various areas, including accommodation, education, employment, and public premises.
*Promoting accessibility and inclusion ensures equal opportunities and respects the rights and dignity of individuals with disabilities.

What does race refer to in terms of discrimination?

The physical differences and traits that exist from one person to another.

What is relevant legislation for preventing discrimination due to race?

The Racial Discrimination Act 1975: Prohibits discrimination based on race, colour, national or ethnic origin, immigration. The most severe forms of racial and religious vilification are criminal offences.

What does sex refer to in terms of discrimination?

Refers to the roles, behaviours and opportunities that society considers appropriate for girls and boys. Gender interacts with, but is different from the binary categories of biological sex. Recognising gender diversity supports equality and challenges stereotypes, advocating for rights and protections for all gender identities.

What is relevant legislation for preventing discrimination due to sex?

The Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Commonwealth): States that it is against an Employer to discriminate against you due to your sex, marital status, or pregnancy, sexually harass you, dismiss you from your job as a result of family commitments

What are human rights?

Human rights are rights that we have because we exist as human beings. These are universal rights that are inherent to us all. They were formally defined in 1948 as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

What is relevant legislation to uphold human rights?

Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Act 1996: Empowers the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission to investigate and deal with infringements of human rights.

Workers rights for discrimination

1. Non-discrimination: Workers have the right to a workplace free from discrimination based on race, ethnicity, religion, or cultural background
2. Fair treatment: Workers are entitled to fair treatment in terms of employment conditions, promotions, and opportunities.

Workers responsibilities for discrimination

1. Non-discrimination: Workers should not engage in discriminatory behaviour or practices.
2. Reporting issues: Workers should report any instances of discrimination, harassment, or infringement of cultural rights.

Employer rights for discrimination

1. Workplace standards: Employers have the right to set and enforce workplace standards and policies that promote a respectful and inclusive environment.
2. Performance expectations: Employers have the right to expect workers to meet job performance standards, irrespective of cultural background.

Employer responsibilities for discrimination

1. Equal opportunity: Employers must provide equal employment opportunities and prevent discrimination.
2. Addressing complaints: Employers must address complaints of discrimination or harassment promptly and effectively.

Client rights for discrimination

1. Respectful treatment: Clients have the right to be treated with respect and dignity, regardless of their cultural background.
2. Complaint mechanism: Clients have the right to lodge complaints if they feel their cultural rights are not being respected

Client responsibilities for discrimination

1. Respect for workers: Clients should treat workers with respect, acknowledging their cultural backgrounds.
2. Non-discrimination: Clients should not engage in discriminatory behaviour towards workers or other clients.

What are bacteria?

Single celled prokaryotic organisms with a single-circular chromosome that reproduce via binary fission.

What are viruses?

Non-cellular agents that can only replicate inside a living cell

What are fungi?

Eukaryotic single celled organisms that generally infect the exterior of the host.

What are parasites?

An organism that lives in or on a host organism and benefits by feeding at the expense of the host.

What is colonisation?

The sustained presence of replicating infectious agents on, or in, the body without causing infection or disease.

What is infection?

The invasion by, and reproduction of, pathogenic organisms inside the body.

What is disease?

The condition resulting from infection that causes symptoms and signs of illness.

What is the first step in the chain of infection? S

1. Susceptible host - person at risk of developing an infection from the disease (mainly young children and the elderly)

What is the second step in the chain of infection? R

2. Reservoir - Places, objects or animals that harbour harmful organisms

What is the third step in the chain of infection? I

3. Infectious agent - bacteria, viruses, fungi

What is the fourth step in the chain of infection? M

4. Mode of transmission - Microorganisms can be spread by direct/indirect contact and through the air. Indirect contact includes surface or object contamination, penetrating injuries or wounds and vectors such as animal, insect or parasites.

What is the fifth step in the chain of infection? P

5. Portal of entry - The opening where an infectious disease enters the host's body, such as mucus membranes and open wounds.

What is the sixth step in the chain of infection? P

6. Portal of exit - The place where the harmful microorganism leaves the reservoir (e.g. nose, mouth or rectum).

What is the overall chain of infection?

1. Susceptible host
2. Reservoir
3. Infectious agent
4. Mode of transmission
5. Portal of entry
6. Portal of exit

When is hand sanitising required?

For regular cleaning of your hands, when they are not visibly dirty, before and after touching equipment such as pens, stethoscopes or medical charts.

When is hand washing required?

If your hands are visibly dirty, before and after touching a patient, after going to the toilet, handling medical instruments or equipment and after contact with any body fluids such as saliva or blood

What should you do if you have an open wound in terms of hand hygiene?

Open wounds are portals that allow bacteria and other harmful microorganisms to enter the body, which is why it is crucial to cover any cuts or abrasions immediately. This may be done using waterproof sterile Band-Aids, dressings or bandages, followed by gloves so you can continue to care for your patients safely.

5 moments of hand hygiene

1. Before touching a patient
2. Before a procedure
3. After a procedure or body fluid exposure
4. After touching a patient
5. After touching a patient's surroundings

Main functions of the musculoskeletal system?

1. Support and structure
2. Movement (both voluntary and involuntary)
3. Protection
4. Mineral storage
5. Blood cell production

Basic structure of a long bone

Consist of a shaft (diaphysis) and 2 extremities (epiphysis)

What is the diaphysis?

Compact bone, central medullary canal and composed of fatty yellow bone marrow.

What is the epiphysis?

Outer cover of compact bone is present, spongy or cancellous bone on the inside.

What is the periosteum?

A complex vascular 2 layered membrane.

What is compact bone?

The dense, outer layer of bone tissue

What is spongy bone?

A porous, lightweight tissue found inside bones

What is bone marrow?

A spongy tissue found inside bones that is responsible for producing blood cells and storing fat.

Appendicular vs axial skeleton

The axial skeleton provides protection for the vital organs such as the rib cage protecting the heart and the lungs. The Appendicular skeleton allows for movement and is what skeletal muscle attaches to.

What are hinge joints?

The slightly rounded end of one bone fits into the slightly hollow end of the other bone, such as the elbow.

What are ball and socket joints?

A rounded, ball-like end of one bone fitting into a cuplike socket of another bone, such as the shoulder joint.

What are pivot joints?

The rounded end of one bone fitting into a ring formed by the other bone, such as the wrist.

What are gliding joints?

Two flat or slightly curved bone surfaces that slide against each other.

What are saddle joints?

The ends of each bone resemble a saddle, with concave and convex portions that fit together.

What are condyloid joints?

An oval-shaped end of one bone fitting into a similarly oval-shaped hollow of another bone, such as the fingers.

What are ligaments?

Tough, fibrous bands of connective tissue that connect bone to bone and help hold important body structures in place, including joints and some organs.

What are tendons?

A highly organised connective tissue joining muscle to bone, capable of resisting high tensile forces while transmitting forces from muscle to bone. Made up of fibers, cells of various shapes and ground substance.

Duty of care requirements to provide first aid

• No legal obligation to assist an ill or injured person
• All adults have a duty of care to young people if the parent or legal guardian is not present.
• If there is no duty of care owed and you provide first aid, you are considered a 'Good Samaritan.'

How does consent relate to a conscious and unconscious casualty?

• Must gain consent to assist a conscious casualty.
• If unconscious, consent is assumed.
• If they're a minor, parental consent should be obtained if possible

Privacy and confidentiality requirements of first aid

• All personal information regarding a casualty is confidential, including details of the illness or injury, treatment and medical history.
• If you are working with patient records, you are legally obligated to observe confidentiality and privacy.

Meaning of DRSABCD

• Danger: Look for any potential hazards that may have caused the incident.
• Response: Determine whether your casualty is conscious or unconscious.
• Send for help: Call 000
• Airway: Ensure there is no visible obstruction or foreign objects in the mouth. Once the airway is clear, ensure the tongue is not obstructing the patient's breathing.
• Breathing: Look, listen and feel for breathing, no more than 10 seconds
  CPR
  Defibrillation

When can you end CPR?

• The casualty is responding and breathing on their own.
• The situation becomes unsafe - danger, hazard, risks etc.
• A medical professional arrives on the scene and takes over.
• You become physically exhausted and incapable of continuing to perform CPR. If possible, another person should be found to take over.

How to use an AED?

1. Turn the defibrillator and attach sticky pads to the patient's skin
2. The defibrillator will assess whether a shock is needed, and if so, it will tell you to press the shock button. Do not touch the patient while they are being shocked.
3. Continue with chest compressions and rescue breaths until the patient shows signs of life or the defibrillator tells you to stop so it can analyse the heartbeat again.

Key CPR points

• Push down to 1/3 of the depth of the chest cavity
• 30 compressions followed by 2 breaths
• 100-120 compressions per minute

Hand positioning for CPR

Baby: two fingers
Child (1 and up): One hand
Adult (8 and up): Two hands, one clasped over the other

Anatomy differences for CPR

Adult: Heart typically located in the centre of chest, just behind the sternum. The chest cavity is relatively rigid
Children: Ribs are more flexible and heart is higher in the chest compared to adults.
Infants: Heart is more towards the middle of the chest and higher up compared to adults and children. Ribs are very flexible and can be easily compressed.