H Chem Unit 9 Liquids Solids Soln Notes

Condensed states of matter

Liquids and solids are considered to be the condensed states of matter.

Intermolecular forces

Attractive forces between molecules.

Intramolecular forces

Attractive forces within molecules (chemical bonds).

Boiling points and melting points

Depend upon the strength of intermolecular forces.

Ion – Ion Force

Strong force between positive and negative ions (ionic bond).

Ion – Dipole Force

Attractive force between an ion and a polar molecule.

Dipole – Dipole Force

Attractive force between polar molecules aligned by partial charges.

Hydrogen Bond

Strong attractive force between hydrogen and a highly electronegative atom.

Dispersion Forces

Short-range attractive forces between nonpolar molecules.

Surface Tension

The contractive force of a surface due to molecular attraction.

Cohesion

Attractive forces that exist between like molecules.

Adhesion

Attractive forces that exist between unlike molecules.

Capillary Action

The rise (or depression) of a liquid surface in a capillary tube.

Viscosity

The resistance of a liquid to flow.

Solvation

The clustering of solvent molecules around a solute particle.

Molarity (M)

The concentration of a solution expressed in moles of solute per liter of solution.

Molality (m)

The concentration of a solution expressed in moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

Saturated Solution

A solution in which the maximum amount of solute has dissolved.

Unsaturated Solution

A solution that contains less than the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve.

Supersaturated Solution

A solution in which more than the maximum amount of solute has dissolved.

Henry's Law

The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas over the solution.