terminology

Anemia

Reduction in red blood cells or hemoglobin, and/or hematocrit, resulting in decreased oxygen-carrying capacity

Erythropoiesis

Production of red blood cells in bone marrow

Hemolysis

Destruction of red blood cells

Leukocytosis

Abnormal increase in white blood cells

Leukopenia

Abnormal decrease in white blood cells

Thrombocytopenia

Decreased platelet count

Thrombocytosis

Increased platelet count

Polycythemia

Excess red blood cells and hemoglobin

Pancytopenia

marked decrease in the number of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

serious bleeding and thrombotic disorder that results from abnormally initiated and accelerated clotting

Hemophilia

genetic bleeding disorder from clotting factor deficiency

Sickle Cell Disease

Genetic disorder causing abnormal hemoglobin and RBC sickling

Thalassemia

group of diseases involving inadequate production of normal Hgb, which decreases RBC production

aplastic anemia

disease in which the patient has peripheral blood pancytopenia and hypocellular bone marrow

hemochromatosis

an iron overload disorder characterized by increased intestinal iron absorption

hemolytic anemia

a condition caused by the destruction or hemolysis of RBCs at a rate that exceeds production.

Hodgkin lymphoma

a proliferation of abnormal giant, multinucleated cells, called Reed-Sternberg cells, or its variant, Hodgkin cells (mononucleated), which proliferate in the lymph nodes.

iron deficiency anemia

most common nutrition disorder in the world; caused by insufficient iron intake or absorption, leading to decreased hemoglobin production.

leukemia

a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, characterized by the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells.

lymphomas

cancers originating in the bone marrow and lymphatic structures resulting in the proliferation of lymphocytes

megaloblastic anemias

characterized by the presence of abnormally large (macrocytic) RBCs

multiple myeloma

a condition in which cancerous plasma cells proliferate in the bone marrow and destroy bone

neutropenia

(low neutrophil count

non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs)

broad group of cancers of primarily B, T, and natural killer (NK) cells.

pernicious anemia

a disease of insidious onset caused by an absence of intrinsic factor (IF)

acidosis

pH drops below 7.35; occurs with an increase in carbonic acid (respiratory acidosis) or decrease in (metabolic acidosis)

alkalosis

the blood pH is greater than 7.45; occurs with a decrease in carbonic acid (respiratory alkalosis) or an increase in (metabolic alkalosis)

buffers

primary regulator of acid-base balance by acting chemically to change strong acids into weaker ones or bind acids to neutralize them.

central venous access devices (CVADs

catheters placed in large blood vessels (e.g., subclavian vein, jugular vein) of people who need frequent or special access to the vascular system.

electrolytes

substances whose molecules dissociate, or split, into ions when placed in water

fluid spacing

the distribution of body water

hydrostatic pressure

the force of fluid in a compartment pushing against a cell membrane or vessel wall

hypercalcemia

high serum calcium (Ca2+ >10.5 mg/dL [2.62 mmol/L])

hyperkalemia

high serum potassium (K+ >5.0 mEq/L [mmol/L])

hypernatremia

high serum sodium (Na+ >145 mEq/L [mmol/L])

hypertonic

fluids with solutes more concentrated than in cells, or an increased osmolality

hypocalcemia

low serum calcium (Ca2+ <9.0 mg/dL [2.25 mmol/L])

hypokalemia

low serum potassium (K+ <3.5 mEq/L [mmol/L])

hyponatremia

low serum sodium (Na+ <136 mEq/L [mmol/L])

hypotonic

solutions in which the solutes are less concentrated than in the cells

isotonic

an osmolality similar to plasma; same osmolality as the cell interior

osmolality

measures the number of milliosmoles per kilogram of water or the concentration of molecules per weight of water; preferred measure to evaluate the concentration of body fluids

First spacing

the normal distribution of fluid in ICF and ECF compartments

Second spacing

an abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid

Third spacing

excess fluid collects in the nonfunctional area between cells and trapped where it is difficult or impossible for it to move back into the cells or blood vessels