Human Anatomy Flashcards

Flashcards for Human Anatomy Review

What is Anatomy?

Study of body structure

What is Physiology?

Study of body function

What are the Levels of Organization in the body?

Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism

What is Homeostasis?

Maintaining internal balance

What is negative feedback?

Body reverses a change (e.g., blood sugar control)

What is positive feedback?

Body amplifies a change (e.g., childbirth)

What is the function of the Digestive system?

Breaks down food

What is the function of the Endocrine system?

Hormone regulation

What is the function of the Circulatory system?

Transports blood

What is the function of the Respiratory system?

Gas exchange

What is the function of the Reproductive system?

Produces offspring

What is the function of the Nervous system?

Sends signals

What is the function of the Urinary system?

Filters blood, removes waste

What is the function of the Lymphatic system?

Immune defense

What are major organs of the Digestive system?

Stomach, intestines

What are major organs of the Endocrine system?

Thyroid, pancreas

What are major organs of the Circulatory system?

Heart, vessels

What are major organs of the Respiratory system?

Lungs, trachea

What are major organs of the Reproductive system?

Ovaries, testes

What are major organs of the Nervous system?

Brain, spinal cord

What are major organs of the Urinary system?

Kidneys, bladder

What are major organs of the Lymphatic system?

Lymph nodes, spleen

What is the Gluteal body region?

Buttocks

What is the Lumbar body region?

Lower back

What is the Femoral body region?

Thigh

What is the Cephalic body region?

Head

What is the Cervical body region?

Neck

What is the Sagittal body plane?

Left/right

What is the Transverse body plane?

Top/bottom

What is the Coronal body plane?

Front/back

What does Proximal mean?

Closer to origin

What does Distal mean?

Farther away

What makes up the Dorsal body cavity?

Cranial + spinal

What makes up the Ventral body cavity?

Thoracic + abdominopelvic

What is the diaphragm?

Separates thoracic & abdominal cavities

What are examples of Organelles?

Cell membrane, nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasm, ER, ribosomes, mitochondria, Golgi, lysosomes

What is the function of the Nucleus?

Controls cell

What is the function of the Mitochondria?

ATP energy

What is the function of Ribosomes?

Make proteins

What is the function of the ER?

Transport

What is the function of the Golgi?

Packages proteins

What is the function of Lysosomes?

Digestion

What is the function of the Cell membrane?

Regulates entry

What happens in a Hypertonic solution?

Water leaves cell → shrinks

What happens in a Hypotonic solution?

Water enters → swells

What happens in a Isotonic solution?

No net movement

What does Epithelial tissue do?

Covers surfaces

What does Connective tissue do?

Support (e.g., bone, blood)

What does Muscle tissue do?

Movement

What does Nervous tissue do?

Communication

What does Simple mean when naming Epithelial tissue?

1 layer

What does Stratified mean when naming Epithelial tissue?

Many layers

What does Squamous mean when naming Epithelial tissue?

Flat

What does Cuboidal mean when naming Epithelial tissue?

Cube

What does Columnar mean when naming Epithelial tissue?

Tall

Where can you find Hyaline cartilage?

Ends of bones

Where can you find Elastic cartilage?

Ears

Where can you find Fibrocartilage?

Discs between vertebrae

What is the function of the Epidermis?

Protection

What is in the Dermis layer?

Sweat glands, nerves

What is the Hypodermis layer?

Fat layer

What is the function of Hair?

Protection

What is the function of Nails?

Support

What is the function of Sweat glands?

Cooling

What is the function of Sebaceous glands?

Oil

What are examples of Major Bones?

Skull, ribs, spine, femur, humerus, pelvis

What are examples of Skull Bones?

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, mandible

Where can you find a Ball & socket joint?

Shoulder

Where can you find a Hinge joint?

Elbow

Where can you find a Pivot joint?

Neck

Where can you find a Saddle joint?

Thumb

What is the Diaphysis of a long bone?

Shaft

What is the Epiphysis of a long bone?

Ends

What is the Medullary cavity of a long bone?

Yellow marrow

What is the Periosteum of a long bone?

Outer layer

What is the Endosteum of a long bone?

Lining inside

What is Rickets?

Vitamin D deficiency

What is Osteoporosis?

Weakening of bones

What is Smooth muscle?

Organs, involuntary

What is Cardiac muscle?

Heart

What is Skeletal muscle?

Voluntary movement

What is the Neuromuscular Junction?

Where neuron meets muscle

What is the Epimysium?

Around muscle

What is the Perimysium?

Around bundles

What is the Endomysium?

Around fibers

What is the function of Actin/Myosin?

Contract

What is the Z-line?

Sarcomere boundary

What is the function of T-tubules?

Carry signals

What is the Sarcolemma?

Membrane

What are Myofilaments?

Actin & myosin

What are Myofibrils?

Chains of sarcomeres

What do Tendons connect?

Muscle to bone

What do Ligaments connect?

Bone to bone

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

Myelin destroyed → slow signals

What is the CNS?

Brain/spinal cord

What is the PNS?

All other nerves

What is the function of the Axon?

Sends

What is the function of the Dendrite?

Receives

What is the function of Myelin?

Speeds up signal

What are Nodes of Ranvier?

Gaps in myelin