sociology ocr

what is needed for a 6 marker?

ao1 2m - definition and development
ao2 4m - 2 developed examples

what is needed for a 12 marker?

ao1 4m - key concepts and definition
ao2 8m - how does the concept apply to the source?

what is needed for a 20 marker?

1-2 sentence intro
point 1 (add study)
point 2 (add study)
point 3 (add study)
evaluate (add study)
conclusion to sum argument

what is culture?

the way of life in a society, including values which are the foundation of norms e.g. language differences and UK Christmas is 31 Dec and in china they celebrate new years in February

culture study (mead)

mead - found that gender role vary from culture to culture, in the Chambri tribe in new guinea men were timid and decorate themselves where women were dominant and aggressive

what are values

beliefs and ideas society sees as important and are accepted by the majority of the society, values are the foundation of norms e.g UK value justice and respect

what are norms?

expected patternes of behaviour that are bvased on values of the culture e.g. in the uk were expected to go to school and in india lower classes are not expected to attend, uk using knives and forks and countries such as china using chopsticks

what is cultural relativity?

norms and values depend on the culture you're in e.g mead

what is historical relativity?

norms and values are different for people in different times in history e.g mothers to stay home

What is cultural diversity?

the difference between cultures and when there's a difference between people within a culture e.g in england they speak english and in wales they speak welsh, braisians

what are brasians?

British Asians are an example of cultural diversity who maintain the traditional culture of Asian heritage but also partake in the UK culture

what is cultural hybridity?

when 2 or more cultures merge to create a new culture e.g brasians and white wannabes

cultural hybridity study (anoop nayak)

white wannabes - white working class males adopt 'black culture', listen to rap, wear bling and baggy jeans (links to cultural diversitiy and global culture)

What are subcultures?

a culture within a culture based on age, ethnicity, music, fashion and political beliefs

subculture study (clarke)

skinheads- exaggerated versions of white working-class males due to a loss of jobs and a perceived loss of status. wore manual labour type clothing e.g dr martins

what is high culture?

cultural products and activities that are thought to have a very high status and are associated with the higher classes e.g Shakespeare, classical music, art and opera

high culture study (bourdieu)

social class is determined by:
1. cultural capital
2. social capital
3. economic capital

cultural capital

knowledge attitudes and education that a person gains from high culture activities e.g opera

social capital

there is always people game through certain group membership and relationships e.g public schools like Eton.

economic capital

money and assets e.g home car investments

popular culture

shallow cultural products and activities that are enjoyed by the majority of population mostly by the working class also called mass culture e.g. watching football, listening to pop music, watching reality TV and reading magazines

global culture

cultural products and activities that are enjoyed by the majority of the population across different cultures e.g McDonald's, Coca-Cola and brands that are recognised all over the world

consumer culture

the increasing availability and importance part and consumer goods leading to excessive consumption and conspicuous consumption e.g shopping every weekend, buying certain brands such as pandora and nike to create an identity

consumer culture study (young)

bulimic society- bulimic means constant hunger, when applied to the society it's people consuming large amounts of mainstream culture e.g shopping, social media its argued that poorer groups of the Society of victims of The Hunger this can lead to criminal activity due to the desire for goods

what is socialisation?

the learning of Culture norms and values of your society.

what does the Agents of socialisation mean?

the different institutions that socialise people

what are the primary agents of socialisation?

your family.

what are the secondary agents of socialisation?

peers
education
workplace
religion
media

what does nature or nurture mean?

whether it is in your genes or your socialisation that makes you the person that you are.
sociologist tend to focus on nurture and believe it is more important
most biological scientists or psychologists will think that nature is more important

nature study (bouchard)

twins raised apart-
twins separated at birth one twin was raised by his grandmother in Germany who was Catholic and a part of the Hitler Youth
the other was raised in the Caribbean by his father as a part of the Jewish Faith
although they had similarities in behaviour for example their likes and dislikes mannerisms temperament favourite books and choices and clothes
both married women named Linda divorced and then remarried to a woman named Betty

nurture study (curtiss)

genie wiley -
genie had no human contact until the age of 13
she never learned to speak fluently and her lack of socialisation meant that she's biology and socially unable to learn language norms and values

nature study (money)

boy raised as a girl-
twin boys could Bruce and Brian born in Canada
at 7 months old bruces penis was destroyed in a circumcision operation
one year later the parents saw a psychologist named Dr John Money
Money argued that nurture is more important than nature so Bruce's name was changed the Brenda and he was brought up as a girl
at the age of 13, he attempted suicide and the family told her the truth and she became a male again named David
David was married but suffered from depression and eventually, took his own life

what is primary socialisation

Socialisation from birth - occurs within the family form the age 0-5, learn fundamental norms and values

primary socialisation study (oakley)

how gender roles are constructed in the family-

manipulation - encouraging stereotypical behaviour and discouraging anything against the norm

canalisation - parents channelling their child interests into toys and games that are considered the norm of their gender

verbal appellation - giving nicknames to reinforce the gender expectations

different activities - parents encouraging children to participate in activities around the home to reinforce stereotypes

primary socialisation study (parsons)

Parsons was a functionalist theorist who argued that the family provides the most important role and socialisation because it teaches children norms and values that will guide them throughout their life e.g hardwork. without the right norms and values their struggle to function properly in a society.

what is secondary socialisation?

learning of norms and values from sources other than the family that continues throughout a person's life e.g school, work peers, Media and religion

secondary socialisation study (sewell)

research on black Caribbean youth showed groups of young people from cultural comfort zones

secondary socialisation study (harris)

peer groups and more important than family in shaping children's behaviour

secondary socialisation study (lee)

looked at the pressure put on teenage girls and peers for example double standards on girl's and boys sexual behaviour and how the term slag is used to control girl's behaviour via peer pressure

secondary socialisation study (skeleton and frances)

pay groups in primary schools play was very gendered with boys dominating the space and girls doing activities such as skipping

secondary socialisation - education

in schools there are rules and expectations different types of schools affect socialisation
the two types of learning in schools is the :
formal curriculum : e.g maths, English and Science based on the language and culture of society and reflects its values.
and the informal curriculum (The Hidden curriculum) :
norms and values learnt out of lessons e.g punctuality uniform rewards and sanctions

secondary socialisation - education study (bowles and gintis)

schooling in capitalist america -
the ' hidden curriculum' brainwashes students interbeing on obedience and unquestioning pupils are taught to accept their place in society and believe their achievements and failures of their own making also they argued that the education system is unfair and favouring middle-class children.

secondary socialisation - media

children see celebrities as role models this influence children's perception of the world around them and that their place in it for example in TV shows black ethnic groups are shown as criminals and women are shown as being a caregiver

secondary socialisation study- media study (mulvey)

the male gaze -
this term is used to show how the media uses the camera to look at women sexually this becomes a Norm that replicated within Society

secondary socialisation - media study (young)

the media is responsible for criminality because we have a bulimic Society with the consistent hunger to binge everything with no access to consumer goods we will turn to crime to get them this leads to consumer culture where you're encouraged buy products by celebrities

secondary socialisation - religion

religion influences the socialisation of some children due to the police they have the same clothes clothing religious practices such as fasting on different views on things such as divorce and homosexuality this can lead to Prejudice is the process of socialisation developed our beliefs about what is normal Legends declining in the UK many traditional views are based on Christianity religion is still strong and some ethnic minorities first Communities their socialisation can lead to a clash of different norms and values in society particularly in small towns and cities with lots of different religions

secondary socialisation - religion study (mahood and berthoud)

67% of Pakistanis and bangladeshis so religions is very important compared to only 5% of British youths

secondary socialisation - workplace

key for socialisation in adults and also start resocialisation which consists of a new set of norms and values learnt when starting a new job it can be formal or informal

secondary socialisation - workplace informal resocialisation

peer groups
sanctions

secondary socialisation - workplace formal resocialisation

code of conduct
dress code
expectations
sanctions

secondary socialisation - workplace study (waddington)

canteen culture -
a new set of norms and values that people in particular workplaces have been socialised to accept for example language behaviour and attitudes
it can be used critically to describe the culture of racism in the police where even non-racist officers began to think and act in those ways, this is done to fit in at first but eventually the norms and values changes for them

what is social control?

agents of socialisation use positive and negative sanctions to reinforce behaviour that affects how people behave in their daily lives

formal social control

e.g laws

police
court
work dismissal
school exclusion
expulsion from family

informal social control

socially excluded from a friend group
dissapointed parents
passed over for a work promotion
celebs criticised in magazines

percentages of partner violence for men and women

w - 22%
m - 9%

how many women polled for the me too campaign

1533

what percentage of women experience harassment in the workplace

52%

what percentage of women experience sexual comments on their body or clothes

28%

what percentage of women had unwanted Touching in the workplace?

25% (1/4)

what percentage of women did not report sexual harassment in the workplace

80% (4/5)

what percentage of men and women hold some form of bias against women

90%

what percentage of men and women think a man beating his wife is justified

28%

feminist views on a girls academic performance

girls underachieve because of disrupting boys and teachers may be too busy disciplining the boys to assist the girls

women are taking more narrowed subjects whereas men are choosing more scientific subjects

men are stereotyped as smarter

reasons for male unemployment

men are underperforming in school or college which lead to job failure

when applying for jobs recruiters think women and more mature and focused

Mac an Ghaill - masculinity

educational failure can lead to crime and gang violence

male education study - Jackson

laddishness-
studied year 8/9 students

laddishness is used to avoid academic failure e.g rejecting work

avoiding social failure by not co-operating with teachers

female workplace inequality

the glass ceiling is a metaphor used by feminist which shows an invisible upper limit in workplace for women's promotions it's called class because nobody sees that only women do when they've hit it and Men remain unaware

the gender pay gap is just over 18%

in ASDA women are paid 94 p for every £1 that a man earns

male workplace inequality - McKenzie

reduced income cause concern for loss of self-image including loss of Status
men didn't want to claim their benefits to keep their dignity
they also felt their masculinity was being undermined steel workers felt they had a lack of job choice