Ions

Energy Levels

Fixed levels in which electrons can occupy in an atom according to the Quantum Mechanics theory.

Ground State

The lowest energy state of an atom when electrons have not absorbed additional outside energy.

Highest Energy Level

The energy level corresponding to the period number on the periodic table.

Full Energy Level

A stable energy level with the maximum number of electrons equal to the atomic number of the element.

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the highest (unfilled) energy level of an atom.

Octet Rule

The tendency of atoms to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a total of eight electrons in their highest energy level.

Ions

Atoms that gain or lose electrons to follow the octet rule, resulting in a full highest energy level.

Noble Gases

Group 8A elements with full upper energy levels and octets, known for their stability and unreactivity.

Anions

Negatively charged ions formed by atoms gaining electrons.

Cations

Positively charged ions formed by atoms losing electrons.

Transition Metal Ions

Transition metals that can form more than one cation, with charges designated by Roman numerals.