[2Y2T2S] [PT10110] [2] Psychosocial Theories in PT Setting

Consistent behavior patterns and intrapersonal processes within the individual

Personality

ABCs of Personality

A - Affect

B - Behavior

C - Cognition

Came from a Latin word “Persona” which means…

Mask or Public Self

A long term characteristic of an individual that shows through their behavior, actions, and feelings

Trait

A temporary condition that they are experiencing for a short period of time

State

Six (6) Components of a Personality Theory

1. Personality structure

2. Motivation

3. Personality development

4. Psychological health

5. Psychopathology

6. Personality change

Theory stating that all human behavior is caused and can be explained through deterministic theory

Psychoanalytic Theory

In Freud’s belief, what motivates much human behavior?

Repressed sexual impulses and desires (libido)

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

It is believed that problems resulted from? (2)

1. Childhood trauma; OR

2. Failure to complete tasks of psychosexual development

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

True or False: The “hysterical” or neurotic behaviors resulted from these unresolved conflicts

True

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

Three (3) components of the human psyche

1. Id

2. Ego

3. Superego

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

Component of human psyche referring to pleasure

Id

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

Component of human psyche referring to morals

Superego

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

Component of human psyche referring to consciousness

Ego

PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

How many stages of psychosexual development do individuals go through?

Five (5)

PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

At each stage of psychosexual development, what are we supposed to experience according to this theory?

Pleasure in one part of the body than in others

PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

Sigmund Freud’s construction of self and physical body makes the physical body what?

The core of human experience

PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

What are the five (5) Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development?

1. Oral stage

2. Anal stage

3. Phallic stage

4. Latent stage

5. Genital stage

PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

What period does the oral stage cover?

Birth-1.5 years

PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

What period does the anal stage cover?

1.5-3 years

PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

What period does the phallic stage cover?

4-5 years

PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

What period does the latent stage cover?

5 years - puberty

PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

What period does the genital stage cover?

Puberty

PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

Give three (3) examples of oral fixations

1. Smoking

2. Gum-chewing

3. Nail-biting

PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

Give three (3) examples of anal fixations

1. Orderliness

2. Obsessiveness

3. Rigidity

PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

Give three (3) examples of phallic fixations

1. Vanity

2. Exhibitionism

3. Pride

PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

What is the erogenous zone of oral stage?

Mouth

PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

What is the erogenous zone of anal stage?

Bowel and bladder control

PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

What is the erogenous zone of phallic stage?

Genitals

PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

What is the erogenous zone of latent stage?

None. Libido is inactive.

PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT

What is emphasized during the genital stage?

Maturing sexual interests

FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYSIS

Component of the human psyche referring to:

• Executive mediating between impulses and inhibition

• Testing reality

• Rational

• Operates mainly at conscious level but also at preconscious level

Ego

FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYSIS

Component of the human psyche referring to:

• Ideals and morals

• Striving for perfection

• Incorporated from parents

• Becoming a person’s conscience

• Operates mostly at preconscious level

Superego

FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYSIS

Component of the human psyche referring to:

• Basic impulses (sex and aggression)

• Seeking immediate gratification

• Irrational and impulsive

• Operates at unconscious level

Id

FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYSIS

This component is responsible for mediating the conflicts of aggressive/pleasure-seeking drives and moral control

Ego

FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYSIS

What happens if you have weak ego?

Anxiety

FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYSIS

What can we use to protect the ego from anxiety?

Defense mechanisms

DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY

Fear that id will overpower the ego

Neurotic anxiety

DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY

Fear of actions or thoughts contrary to superego

Moral anxiety

DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY

Defines as unpleasant, nonspecific feeling involving a possible danger

Realistic anxiety

DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Suppression of unwanted impulses by substituting it with a creative cultural accomplishments

Sublimation

DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Redirecting unacceptable urges to less threatening people or objects

Displacement

DEFENSE MECHANISMS

When the ego is threatened, it unconsciously forgets or block unpleasant feelings

Repression

DEFENSE MECHANISMS

The ego may revert back to an earlier stage during times of stress or anxiety

Regression

DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Attributing the unwanted impulses to another person

Projection

Automatic psychological processes that protect the individual against anxiety and from the awareness of internal or external dangers or stressors

Defense mechanisms

DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Scale that classifies defense mechanisms according to how they affect an individual’s functioning

Defensive functioning scale

DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Six (6) Levels of the Defensive Functioning Scale

1. High Adaptive level

2. Mental Inhibition level

3. Minor Image-distorting level

4. Disavowal level

5. Major Image-distorting level

6. Action level

1. Anticipation

2. Affiliation

3. Altruism

4. Humor

5. Self-assertion

6. Self-observation

7. Sublimation

8. Suppression

High Adaptive Level

DEFENSE MECHANISMS

What DFS level do the following traits belong to?

1. Displacement

2. Dissociation

3. Intellectualization

4. Isolation of Affect

5. Reaction Formation

6. Repression

7. Undoing

Mental Inhibition Level

DEFENSE MECHANISMS

What DFS level do the following traits belong to?

1. Devaluation

2. Idealization

3. Omnipotence

Minor Image-Distorting Level

DEFENSE MECHANISMS

What DFS level do the following traits belong to?

1. Denial

2. Projection

3. Rationalization

Disavowal Level

DEFENSE MECHANISMS

What DFS level do the following traits belong to?

1. Acting out

2. Apathetic withdrawal

3. Help-rejecting complaining

4. Passive aggression

Action level

DEFENSE MECHANISMS

What DFS level do the following traits belong to?

1. Delusional projection

2. Psychotic denial

3. Psychotic delusion

Defensive dysregulation

FUNDAMENTAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS

The performance of an action considered bad or anti-social

Acting out

FUNDAMENTAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Refusing to deal with or encounter unpleasant objects or situations

Avoidance

FUNDAMENTAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Growth of physical symptoms that cannot be defined by pathophysiology or physical injury

Conversion

FUNDAMENTAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Refusal to accept reality or fact, acting as if a painful event, thought, or feeling did not exist

Denial

FUNDAMENTAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Condition where a person develops a behavioral pattern by observing others

Identification

FUNDAMENTAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Involves taking our own unacceptable qualities or feelings and ascribing them to other people

Projection

FUNDAMENTAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Situation where an individual adapts to earlier levels of psychosocial development

Regression

FUNDAMENTAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Undesirable ideas or impulses are blocked subconsciously

Repression

FUNDAMENTAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Act of building internal security into one’s imagination to avoid troublesome conditions

Schizoid fantasy

FUNDAMENTAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Polarized views of self and others arise due to intolerable conflicting emotions

Splitting

ERIKSON’S STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

What stage and virtue is associated with the following task:

• Viewing the world as safe and reliable

• Relationships as nurturing, stable, and dependable

Stage: Trust vs. mistrust

Virtue: Hope

ERIKSON’S STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

What stage and virtue is associated with the following task:

• Achieving a sense of control and free will

Stage: Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (toddler)

Virtue: Will

ERIKSON’S STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

What stage and virtue is associated with the following task:

• Beginning development of a conscience

• Learning to manage conflict and anxiety

Stage: Initiative vs. Guilt (preschool)

Virtue: Purpose

ERIKSON’S STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

What stage and virtue is associated with the following task:

• Emerging confidence in own abilities

• Taking pleasure in accomplishments

Stage: Industry vs. Inferiority (School age)

Virtue: Competence

ERIKSON’S STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

What stage and virtue is associated with the following task:

• Formulating a sense of self and belonging

Stage: Identity vs. Role confusion (adolescence)

Virtue: Fidelity

ERIKSON’S STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

What stage and virtue is associated with the following task:

• Forming adult, loving relationships, and meaningful attachments to others

Stage: Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adult)

Virtue: Love

ERIKSON’S STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

What stage and virtue is associated with the following task:

• Being creative and productive

• Establishing the next generation

Stage: Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adult)

Virtue: Care

ERIKSON’S STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

What stage and virtue is associated with the following task:

• Accepting responsibility for oneself and life

Stage: Ego integrity vs. Despair (maturity)

Virtue: Wisdom

Human intelligence progresses through a series of stages based on age

Piaget’s Cognitive Development

PIAGET’S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

These were responsible for cognitive development (2)

1. Biologic changes

2. Maturation

PIAGET’S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

What stage and years is associated below:

• Intelligence in action

• Child interacts with environment by manipulating objects

Stage: Sensori-motor stage

Years: 0-2 years

PIAGET’S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

What stage and years (2) is associated below:

• Thinking dominated by perception, but child becomes more and more capable of symbolic functioning

• Language development occurs

• Child still unduly influenced by own perception of environment

Stage: Pre-operational

Years (2):

1. 2-4 years (Preconceptual)

2. 4-7 years (Intuitive)

PIAGET’S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

What stage and years is associated below:

• Logical reasoning can only be applied to objects that are real or can be seen

Stage: Concrete Operations

Years: 7-11/12 years

PIAGET’S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

What stage and years is associated below:

• Individual can think logically about potential events or abstract ideas

Stage: Formal Operations

Years: 11/12+ years

Theory that focuses on how children develop morality and moral reasoning

Kohlberg’s Moral Development

Theory stating that primary caregivers who are available and responsive to an infant’s needs allow the child to develop a sense of security

Attachment Theory

ATTACHMENT THEORY

What is the essence of attachment?

Proximity

ATTACHMENT THEORY

What are the Four (4) Stages of Attachment?

1. Pre-attachment

2. Indiscriminate

3. Discriminate

4. Multiple

ATTACHMENT THEORY

What stage of attachment is being described below:

• Birth to 6 weeks

• Baby shows no particular attachment to specific caregiver

Pre-attachment

ATTACHMENT THEORY

What stage of attachment is being described below:

• 6 weeks to 7 months

• Infant begins to show preference for primary and secondary caregivers

Indiscriminate

ATTACHMENT THEORY

What stage of attachment is being described below:

• 7+ months

• Infant shows strong attachment to one specific caregiver

Discriminate

ATTACHMENT THEORY

What stage of attachment is being described below:

• 10+ months

• Growing bonds with other caregivers

Multiple

Observable behaviors and what one can do externally to bring about behavior changes

Behaviorism

What do behaviorists believe on?

Behavior can be changed through a system of rewards and punishments

Three (3) Major Types of Behavioral Learning

1. Classical Conditioning

2. Operant Conditioning

3. Observational Learning

BEHAVIORAL LEARNING

Type of Behavioral Learning where a neutral stimulus is associated with a natural response

Classical Conditioning

BEHAVIORAL LEARNING

Type of Behavioral Learning where a response is increased or decreased due to reinforcement or punishment

Operant Conditioning

BEHAVIORAL LEARNING

Type of Behavioral Learning where learning occurs through observation and imitation of others

Observational Learning

BEHAVIORAL LEARNING

Conditioning that associates an involuntary response and a stimulus

Classical Conditioning

BEHAVIORAL LEARNING

Conditioning that associates a voluntary behavior and a consequence

Operant Conditioning

Four (4) stages in Classical Conditioning Process

1. Generalization

2. Discrimination

3. Extinction

4. Spontaneous Recovery

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PROCESS

Stage where conditioned response is transferred from one stimulus to another

Generalization

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PROCESS

Stage of recognizing and responding to differences between similar stimuli

Discrimination

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PROCESS

Stage where conditioned response gradually weakens and disappears when the conditioned stimulus is constantly repeated without the unconditioned stimulus

Extinction

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PROCESS

Stage of responding after a prolonged rest period after extinction

Spontaneous recovery

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Consequence when you want to weaken a behavior and…

• Something that is not happening now

• Subject does not want to experience

Positive Punishment