HIST 202 Final

Munson Chauvin

Where and when did Martin Luther King Jr. give the “I Have a Dream” speech?

Washington D.C. on August 28, 1963

Engel v. Vitale (1962)   

School prayer is a violation.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)    

Defendant must be provided a lawyer.

Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)

Allowed to consult lawyer before questioning.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Rights be informed of rights.

What was Freedom Summer?

Black and white volunteers who lived with African Americans, taught them in “freedom schools” and helped them register to vote.

What happened to three of the students participating in Freedom Summer?

They were abducted and murdered by the KKK

Who was Malcolm X?

Most influential spokesman for the Black Power Movement

What was the Black Power movement?

Militant form of civil rights protest focused on urban communities in the North and led by Malcolm X that grew as a response to impatience with the nonviolent tactics of MLK Jr.

What happened to Malcolm X?

Nation of Islam (his previous religion) assassins killed him on February 21, 1965 after being in a dispute with leader Elijah Muhammad

What was the Black Panther Party?

A self-defense organization of black revolutionaries founded in 1966.

Called for an end to “police terrorism,” full employment for African Americans, decent housing and the release of all black men from prison

What did they reject in the message of Martin Luther King?

They were in favor of revolutionary violence.

“We do not believe in passive and nonviolent tactics”

The Black Panther Party is credited to expanding the civil rights movement to what other groups?

Women and gays/lesbians

What did the Revenue Act of 1964 do?

Provided a 20% reduction in tax rates.

Intended to give consumers more money to spend to boost economic growth and create new jobs

What was the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

Legislation passed by LBJ that guaranteed equal treatment for all Americans and outlawed discrimination in public places based on race, sex, or national origin

Also established the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibit with discrimination?

Prohibited discrimination in the buying, selling, and renting housing, as well as in the hiring and firing of employees

The Civil Rights Act gave the federal government new powers to bring lawsuits against organizations or businesses that violated constitutional rights.

True

The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 was the primary weapon in Johnson’s war on ______________?

Poverty

Who won the Presidential Election of 1964?

LBJ

Who was defeated in the Presidential Election of 1964?

Barry Goldwater

What did Johnson call his war on poverty?

The Great Society

Medicare provides health insurance for the _______________?

Elderly

Medicaid provides health insurance for the ___________?

Poor

The Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965

A. is also called the Hart-Celler Act.

B. was the most sweeping revision in immigration policies in decades.

C. allowed for 290,000 immigrants annually into the U.S.

D. ended discriminatory national-origins quotas.

E. All the above.

E. All of the above.

What happened on “Bloody Sunday” in Selma, Alabama in March of 1965?

Black and white activists who gathered for a 54-mile march protest were assaulted by state troopers and local police with billy clubs, tear gas, and whips before even reaching the starting point

What was the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

A momentous legislative accomplishment that ensured all citizens the right to vote

What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 authorize the U.S. Attorney General to do?

To send federal officials to register voters in areas that has long experienced racial discrimination

What happened to literacy test?

They were banned

Registration for African Americans increased to an estimate of ___% by 1968? Compared to ____% in 1960?

53%; 14%

Who were the Viet Cong?

Communist guerrillas fighting in South Vietnam to overthrow the U.S.- backed government

Why were the Viet Cong so elusive?

They didn’t wear uniforms and hid among civilians in the villages

What was the Tonkin Gulf Resolution?

Congressional action that granted the president authority to “take all necessary” measures to protect and “prevent further aggression”

Passed after an alleged unprovoked attack on American warships of North Vietnam coast.

(Aug 1964)

What was Operation Rolling Thunder?

1st sustained U.S. bombing in North Vietnam

AKA American bombing campaign in North Vietnam

By the end of 1965, there were 184,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam; in 1966 there __________; by 1969, there were__________?

385,000;

542,000

Why was the Vietnam War dubbed the “living-room war?”

It was the 1st war to receive extended television coverage

President Johnson had a hands-off approach to the Vietnam War, allowing the military generals decide on logistical details and bombing targets.

A. True

B. False

False

What was the Tet offensive?

Surprise attack by the Viet Gong & North Vietnamese army on U.S. and South Vietnam forces

This defeat turned Americans against the war

What was the scope and intensity of the Tet Offensive contradict?

Contradicted the upbeat claims by U.S. commanders

What was the political impact of the Tet offensive in the United States?

LBJ’s popularity plummeted and so did his confidence in his Vietnam policy

Who is Eugene McCarthy?

Senator of Minnesota Democrat running for president and used Tet offensive to ramp up his anti-war challenge to Johnson in the Democratic primaries

What stunning announcement did President Johnson make at the end of March in 1968?

He was dropping out of the presidential race for election of 1968

Who is James Earl Ray?

White supremacist that killed MLK Jr

Who is Sirhan Sirhan?

Palestinian who killed Bobby Kennedy

What happened at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago in August of 1968?

Thousands of anti-war protestors began rioting outside and it was televised nationwide. Police used tear gas and clubs on the demonstrators

Who won the Democratic nomination? Was he endorsed by President Johnson?

Hubert Humphrey;

Yes

Why did Richard Nixon call his supporters the “silent majority?”

They didn’t express their political opinions publicly

What was George Wallace’s appeal to 10 million voters?

Working-class voters’ disgust with anti-war protestors, the mushrooming federal welfare system, the growth of federal government, forced racial integration and rioting in the inner cities

Who won the Presidential Election of 1968?

Richard Nixon

The Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

A. are associated with Tom Hayden and Alan Haber

B. wanted to remake the United States into a more democratic society.

C.  are rooted in the New Left.

D. created the “Port Huron Statement.”

E. All the above

E. All the above

According to the textbook, during the period of the Vietnam War, what did some 200,000 young men do in relation to their draft notices?

Ignored them

What did the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) do to the administration building at Columbia University?

Renamed it Malcolm X Hall

What was the Weather Underground?

Small group of extremists in summer of 1969 that wanted to move politicall radicalism from “protest to resistance”

Why does the textbook say Weather Underground killed SDS?

Because they abandoned the pacifist principles that had given the movement moral legitimacy

Who is Mark Rudd?

One of the Weathermen organizers who had a conversion to revolutionary violence and confessed they intended to destroy the SDS

An unorganized rebellion against mainstream institutions and values would fit best with what term?

Counterculture

Both the counterculture and the New Left rejected the status quo.

A. True

B. False

True

Countercultural rebels were

A. primarily middle class-class whites.

B. those alienated by the Vietnam War.

C. against racism.

D. against parental authority.

E. All the above.

E. All the above.

What was the League of Spiritual Discovery (LSD)?

A psychedelic religion based on the drug LSD that wanted to decriminalize certain drugs that would “make everybody young forever”

What did League of Spiritual Discovery promote?

Promoted the decriminalization of mind-altering drugs and that the drugs would “make everybody young forever”

Who was the founder of LSD?

Timothy Leary

What eventually happened to the founder of LSD?

He was forced to give up politics and psychedelics bc he was sentenced to a long prison sentence where he eventually escaped but was caught and sent back to prison

When was the “Summer of Love?”

1967

What did the Summer of Love celebrate?

The youth revolt

What did the Summer of Love protest

The Vietnam War

What city is most associated with the Summer of Love

San Francisco

Why did the communes of the late 1960s and early 1970s fail?

Most of the participants didn’t know how to sustain a farm, and many were unwilling to do the hard work that living off the land required

What was Woodstock?

(1969) a 3-day music festival where half a million people converged on a farm near BETHEL, NY

Was an expression of the flower children’s free spirit

How did Woodstock reflect the 1960s?

Technicolored and mud-splattered

What are some of the strands of the counterculture that survive and are popular today?

Ecology, yoga, meditation, “health foods” and organic farming, food co-ops, craft guilds, and digital social media promoting connectedness, sharing and collaboration

What is the book The Feminine Mystique?

Book by Betty Friedan about the societal assumption that women could find fulfillment through housework, marriage, sexual passivity, and child-bearing alone

“the problem that has no name”

Who wrote The Feminine Mystique?

Betty Friedan

What did The Feminine Mystique launch?

Helped launch the second phase of the feminist movement

What did the National Organization for Women (NOW) promote?

“true equality for all women in America…”

Sought to end gender discrimination in the workplace, legalize abortions, and obtain federal and state support for child-care centers.

Who is Gloria Steinem?

Woman who boosted the women’s movement and founded Ms. magaizine in 1971

What magazine did Gloria Steinem start?

Ms. Magazine

Why did Gloria Steinem start the Ms. magazine?

Because there was “nothing for women to read that was controlled by women”

What did Title IX ban?

An educational amendment that banned gender discrimination in any “education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance”

What did Title IX prompt?

Female participation in high school sports increased nearly tenfold and to almost double at the college level

What was the Supreme Court decision of Roe V. Wade? What did it do?

Banned state laws forbidding abortions during the first 3 months of pregnancy and that women have a fundamental right to choose whether to bear a child or not.

In 1973, The National Organization for Women (NOW) refused to endorse gay and lesbian rights.

A. True

B. False

False

What ultimately happened to the Equal Rights Amendment in 1982?

It died with 3 states short on ratification

Helping to create the sexual revolution, what did the Food and Drug Administration approve in 1960?

Birth control

What was the United Farm Workers?

Organization formed in 1965 to represent the interests of Mexican American migrant workers

Who was the United Farm Workers founder?

Cesar Chavez

During what event did the UFW gain national attention?

A strike against grape growers in California’s San Joaquin Valley

What happened at Alcatraz Island in November of 1969?

14 Red Power activists occupied it and protested with many others joining them. Nixon administration had to cut off electrical services and phone lines

What were the Stonewall riots?

Violent clashes between police and LGBTQ patrons of New York City’s Stonewall Inn, seen as the starting point of modern LGBTQ rights movement

After the Election of 1972, the textbook states that the Republican takeover of the American  _______ (region) was the greatest political realignment since Franklin D. Roosevelt’s election in 1932?

Solid South

What did the Twenty-Sixth Amendment (1971) do?

Increased Social Security benefits and food-stamp funding

During Nixon’s first term, more schools were desegregated under court order than in all the Kennedy-Johnson years combined.

A. True.

B. False.

A. True.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was established during the Nixon administration.

A. True

B. False

True

When President Nixon sent a massive aid package to Israel after they were attacked on Yom Kippur, what did OPEC do to America?

Cut off oil shipments to America

What did the Arab oil embargo cause for the United States?

Gasoline shortages and skyrocketing prices

Who was Henry Kissinger?

He helped Nixon develop a comprehensive plan for a new world order that would defuse the cold war by pursuing peaceful coexistence with the Soviets and Chinese

What was “Vietnamization?”

The equipping and training of South Vietnamese soldiers and pilots to take the burden of combat from U.S. troops

In hopes of pressuring the Communist leaders to end the Vietnam War, the Nixon administration greatly intensified the bombing of North Vietnam.

A. True

B. False

True

What were the Pentagon Papers? What did they reveal about the Gulf of Tonkin incident of 1964?

Governement official documents that were leaked, confirming public beliefs/exposing that plans for entering war were already being drawn up despite LBJ’s promise that troops wouldn’t be sent to Vietnam

What was the Paris Peace Accords?

An agreement between the U.S., North and South Vietnam, and the Viet Cong to end the war and restore the peace in Vietnam

What does the textbook say it was a carefully disguised surrender by the U.S.?

Because Nixon and Kissinger said that the bombing brought North Vietnam to its senses but it didn’t even affect them. The only thing that changed was South Vietnamese leaders for accepting Nixon’s promises to America

What was the combined death count from Vietnam?

Nearly 2 million