Honors Biology Final Study Guide

Flashcards for Honors Biology Final Study Guide

Two limits to cell growth

DNA Demand, Cell Membrane Efficiency

Parent cell

Original cell

Daughter cell

New cell made

Why cells divide

To grow, repair, and replace

Benign

Non-cancerous growth that doesn't spread

Malignant cancer cell growth definition: causes and spread of genetic mutations and other high-risk factors. Changes in DNA, genetic mutations, exposure to toxins, radiation, infections, hereditary, age. Potentially in many places in the body, and spread to other parts of body cancer cell regulators definition: cell cycle checkpoints along divisions for checking if everything is going through mutations correctly. Apoptoisis definition: programmed cell death for a cell to get rid of damaged cells when cell doesn’t pass checkpoint. Chromosome definition: DNA Condensed into ‘x’. Chromosome number for Humans and interphase definition: human has 46 interphases. Interphase definition: interphase (3 phases) G1-growth. S-DNA Replication (synthesis). G2- Preparation to divide mitosis (4 phases) definition: mitosis - chromosomes Condensing metaphase - chromosomes Line up in the Middle by spindle Fibers, nucleus Disappears. Anaphase Definition: Chromosomes being Pulled apart by the spindle fibers. Telophase- two nuclei form. Cell splits into two identical daughter cells. Regulators Definition: Checkpoint. Mistakes Definition: prevents a cell from continuing Divide mistake definition checkpoints definition. Checkpoint definition: Prevents a cell from continuing Divide differentiate cell definition: cell with a job. Undifferentiate cell definition: no job. Stem cell definition: important stem cells because it means that STEM can make many different specialized cells to maintain health and repairing from medical interest. Henrietta Lacks definition: Cells kept Dividing and Reproducing, cells taken without Permission or content genetics study of biological inheritance definition genetics definition: study of biological inheritance

Cancerous growth that can spread

Causes of Cancer

Changes in DNA, toxins, radiation, infections, heredity, age

Cell cycle regulators

Cell cycle checkpoints

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death of damaged cells

Chromosome

DNA condensed into an "x"

Number of chromosomes in humans

46

Interphase phases

G1 (growth), S (DNA replication), G2 (preparation)

Prophase

Chromosomes condense

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle

Anaphase

Chromosomes are pulled apart

Telophase

Two nuclei form

Cytokinesis

Cell splits into two identical daughter cells

What regulates the cell cycle

Checkpoints

Leads to…

Mutations

What prevents mistakes?

Checkpoints

Differentiated cell

Cell with a job

Undifferentiated cell

Cell with no job

Importance of Stem Cells

Can make many different specialized cells

Henrietta Lacks

Cells dividing without consent

Genetics

Study of biological inheritance

Mendel

Father of genetics

Genes

Segments of DNA, functional units

Alleles

Different forms of a gene

Parent Generation

Initial set of parents

F1 generation

First generation of offspring

Dominant

Overruling trait

Recessive

Overruled, unexpressed trait

Principle of Segregation

Parents contribute one allele each

Homozygous

Same allele

Heterozygous

Different alleles

Genotype

Versions of alleles

Phenotype

Physical and visible traits

Monohybrid Punnett Square

4 boxes, 1 trait

Dihybrid Punnett Square

16 boxes, 2 traits

Incomplete dominance

Heterozygous mixes

Codominance

Heterozygous has spots

Purpose of Meiosis

Reproduction

Type of cells for Meiosis

Reproductive cells

Prophase 1

Homologous pairs join together

Metaphase 1

Homologous pairs line up in the middle

Anaphase 1

Pairs break apart

Telophase 1

2 nuclei form

Cytokinesis 1

Cell splits into 2 different cells

Prophase 2

Chromosomes condense

Metaphase 2

Line up in the middle

Anaphase 2

X is pulled apart

Telophase 2

2 nuclei form per cell

Cytokinesis 2

Split cell into 2 (happens for each cell)

Pedigrees

Genetic history chart

Squares

Male

Circles

Female

Shaded

Affected

Unaffected

Not shaded

Carrier

Heterozygous, carries recessive trait

Mating

Horizontal line

Birth order

Oldest to youngest

Autosomal dominant

Affected parents can have unaffected children

Autosomal recessive

Unaffected parents can have affected offspring

X linked dominant

Trait never transfers from father to son

X linked recessive

More common in males

Y linked

Only guys

Structure of DNA

Double helix

Chargaff's rule

A=T, C=G

Franklin

First photo of DNA

Watson and Crick

Found the double helix shape

Base pair rules

A=T, C=G

Replication

Making more DNA

Helicase

Unzips DNA

Primase

Starts building DNA

DNA Polymerase

Builder

Ligase

Glue

Leading strand

Built towards the unzip

Lagging strand

Built away from unzip

Semiconservative

Keeping half of the original DNA

Okazaki fragments

Small segments on lagging strand

Transcription

DNA making mRNA

Translation

mRNA making a protein

Deletion

One letter missing

Insertion

One letter added

Missense

Changes the code

Nonsense

Changes code to stop

Silent

Code doesn’t change

Frameshift

Frame of 3 bases is off

Artificial selection

Humans select for traits

GMO

Genetically Modified Organism

Cisgenic

DNA of same species

Transgenic

DNA of a different species

GMO controversy

Potential effects on health and environment

Epigenetics

Genes turn on and off

Darwin

Found natural selection

Wallace

Helped Darwin

Origin of species

Darwin’s book on natural selection

3 principles of natural selection

1. Traits are inherited, 2. More offspring produced than able to survive, 3. Offspring with favorable traits will survive better

Natural Selection

Genes change for adaptation and survival

Sexual Selection

Genes change for reproduction