PT512: Unit 5 Pathophysiology and Screening for Conditions of the Hepatobiliary and GI systems

A collection of 100 fill-in-the-blank flashcards based on vital concepts in the pathophysiology and screening of hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal conditions.

The key components of the Hepatic and Biliary System include the __, Gallbladder, and Common Bile Duct.

Liver

The liver is responsible for storing glycogen via __ and synthesizing amino acids, clotting factors, and cholesterol.

glyconeogenesis

The liver lies inferior to the diaphragm, above the __, stomach, and pancreas.

right kidney

Liver lobules consist of cellular plates that radiate from the __ vein.

central

Blood from sinusoids flows toward the __ vein while bile flows toward the portal tract.

central

The liver's major blood supply is provided by the __ artery and vein.

hepatic

Hemoglobin metabolism results in the production of __ which is taken up in the liver and excreted in bile.

bilirubin

Signs of Hepatobiliary dysfunction include referred pain to the __ and jaundice.

shoulder

Jaundice is characterized by a yellow hue due to the presence of __.

bilirubin

Excess __ lysis is a classification of jaundice that occurs before the liver.

RBC

Liver __ is marked by the destruction of liver cells and the formation of fibrous tissue.

cirrhosis

Hepatitis can be categorized as acute, chronic, or __ induced by chemicals or drugs.

non-viral

Common symptoms of liver disease include fatigue, weakness, jaundice, and __ pain.

abdominal

Fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity, often seen in liver disease, is termed __.

ascites

Cirrhosis often leads to portal vein __, as blood backs up into the spleen.

hypertension

In cases of liver disease, __ production may decrease leading to bleeding complications.

platelet

Liver cancer may present with signs and symptoms that mimic other __ diseases.

liver

The gall bladder holds up to __ mL of bile as a reservoir for digestion.

50

Cholelithiasis refers to the presence of __ in the gall bladder.

gallstones

Key functions of bile include emulsifying fats and assisting with __.

digestion

Signs and symptoms of gall bladder disease include right upper abdominal pain and intolerance to __ foods.

fatty

The components of the upper GI tract include the mouth, esophagus, and __.

stomach

Swallowing occurs in three phases: voluntary action of the tongue, involuntary movements in the pharynx, and __ action in the esophagus to the stomach.

involuntary

Most digestion occurs in the small intestine, aided by __ from the pancreas and liver.

secretions

The __ intestine is primarily responsible for nutrient absorption and water reabsorption.

small

Inconsistent bowel habits, abdominal cramps, and bloating are signs of __ syndrome.

malabsorption

Signs and symptoms of GI disease may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and __.

abdominal pain

Referred pain from the gallbladder may be experienced at the __ region.

scapula

Achalasia refers to the inability to relax the smooth muscles of the __ tract.

GI

__ is characterized by a feeling of retrosternal pain often associated with stomach acid regurgitation.

Heartburn

An esophageal varice is a dilation of veins in the lower esophagus due to __.

portal vein hypertension

Gastritis is inflammation of the __, which can be acute or chronic.

stomach

A peptic ulcer is a break in the mucosal lining that exposes the __ to gastric secretions.

submucosa

Diverticulitis is the inflammatory stage of diverticulosis, which is an out-pocketing of the wall of the __.

SI/LI

Signs of appendicitis include shifting pain from the __ region to the right lower quadrant.

epigastric

A bowel obstruction can be caused by tumors, adhesions, or __ of the bowel.

hernia

Volvulus is a twisting of a loop of bowel that can interrupt blood __.

supply

Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the perianal region, often caused by increased __ pressure.

intra-abdominal

A nasogastric tube is a method for delivering __ nutrition.

enteric

Common treatments for GERD include lifestyle changes, antacids, and __.

antisecretory drugs

Antacids are used to neutralize gastric acid and increase __.

pH

Proton pump inhibitors inhibit the enzyme responsible for gastric acid __.

secretion

Bulk laxatives promote bowel motility by stretching the __.

bowel

Antiemetics are used to decrease nausea and __.

vomiting

Liver diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and fatty liver disease can significantly affect __ function.

hepatic

Referred pain in liver conditions can mimic issues related to the __ or diaphragm.

heart

Anemia, elevated bilirubin, and symptoms of liver dysfunction may indicate __ disease.

hepatobiliary

Ammonia transformation in the intestines into urea is crucial in preventing __ encephalopathy.

hepatic

Signs of increased bilirubin levels manifest in the skin as __.

jaundice

Excessive bilirubin is classified under prehepatic, intrahepatic, or __ jaundice.

extrahepatic

The gall bladder removes water and electrolytes from bile, thus lowering its __.

pH

The liver synthesizes __ factors essential for blood clotting.

clotting

Tummy distention and lower abdominal pain are common symptoms associated with __ disease.

diverticular

Gastritis may lead to gastric pain, __, and potential GI bleeding.

achlasia

A __ abdomen should raise concern for potential bowel obstruction or perforation.

distended

Ascites may progress to dependent edema and abdominal hernias due to increased __ pressure.

portal

Surgical management options for GI conditions may include colostomy, jejunostomy, and __ interventions.

ileo

Signs of liver cancer may include abdominal pain, weight loss, and __ of liver function.

loss

Chronic pancreatitis may lead to malabsorption and require careful __ management.

dietary

Portions of the bowel affected by volvulus can lead to __ and sepsis if not corrected.

necrosis

Liver function tests may reveal elevations in __ associated with liver damage.

amino transferase

The liver is responsible for detoxifying substances, metabolizing drugs, and filtering __ cells.

red blood

Gallbladder function is to contract and send bile through the common bile duct into the __.

duodenum

Hepatic veins transport blood to the __ from the liver.

inferior vena cava