pesticides general use exam

Pest

any insect, mite, rodent, weed, disease etc that is injurious to the health of humans, animals, plants, or the environment

Goal of IPM

keep pests below economic and aesthetic injury level, avoid adverse effects on humans, wildlife, environment

economic injury level

breakeven point at which cost of pest control equals revenue loss caused by pest

economic threshold level

number of pests per plant or amount of damage to plant at which control measures should begin

aesthetic injury level

number of pests that might cause enough damage to the appearance of a plant to warrant cost of control - might vary

key to successful IPM

monitoring pest pop and plant conditions

cultural control

improve crop health

mechanical control

physical pest elimination

biological control

living organisms reduce pests

chemical control

chemical agents reduce pests

pesticide failure

wrong type, wrong pest stage, wrong area, pest resistance

insects

exoskeleton, 3 pairs jointed legs, 3 body region

insect body regions

head, thorax, abdomen

incomplete development

3 life stages - eggs, nymph, adult

complete development

4 life stages - egg, larvae, pupae, adult

mites

spider-like, 4 pairs of legs

spiders

4 pairs of legs, 2 body regions

noninfectious disease

cannot be transferred pest to pest or plant to plant, often result of unfavorable conditions

infectious disease

multiply within host, transferable

infectious disease development elements

susceptible host, plant pathogen, environment, time

weeds

any plant growing where is is unwanted

3 types of weeds

grasses, grass-like, broadleaf

grass/grass-like

parallel veins

broadleaf weeds

net-veined, less elongated

annual weeds

life cycle 1 year

biennial weeds

2 year life cycle

perennial weeds

2+ year lifespan

What type of weed germinates in the spring, develops a root system and low growing cluster of leaves called a rosette?

a biennial weed

pesticide

Any chemical used to destroy, prevent or control any form of life declared as a pest

active ingredient

The chemical effective against the pest

inert ingredients

don't directly harm pests, increase effectiveness of active ingredient

dry formulations

SP, WDG, G

soluble powder

SP

SP forms

solution

Wettable powders

WP

WP forms

suspension

WP issues

abrasive to pumps and nozzles, inhalation hazard

dry flowables

DF

DF forms

suspension

water-dispersible granules

WDG

WDG form

suspension

granules

G

G form

coarse particles, applied directly

wet formulations

Emulsifiable concentrates, Flowables, Microencapsulateds, solutions

Emulsifiable concentrate

EC

EC form

Active ingredient is mixed with usually oil

EC issues

dermal hazard, wear and tear

Microencapsulated

ME

ME form

Active ingredient is surrounded by a coating, time-released

ME issues

hazardous to bees that might take it back to their hive

solutions

S

S forms

form true solutions

restricted-use pesticides

purchased only by certified applicators or persons under their supervision, records must be maintained 2 years

adjuvant

chemical that modifies pesticide properties/enhances performance

adjuvants - spray modifiers

surfactants, penetrants, stickers, drift reduction additives

utility adjuvants

compatibility agents, pH buffering agents, antifoaming agents

surfactant or spreaders

added to spread the spray mixture more thoroughly over the target surface by decreasing the surface tension of water

penetrants

help pesticide pass through plant cuticle

proper mixing order 1

fill tank 1⁄4 - 1⁄2 with carrier

proper mixing order 2

agitate

proper mixing order 3

utility agents

proper mixing order 4

suspension products

proper mixing order 5

emulsifiable concentrates (EC)

proper mixing order 6

solutions (S, SP)

proper mixing order 7

spray modifiers

proper mixing order 8

fill with the rest of the carrier

preharvest interval (PHI)

latest time a pesticide may be applied prior to harvest

pesticide tolerance

amount of chemical residue that may legally remain in food

selective pesticides

little injury to related organims

pesticide hazard equation

hazard = toxicity x exposure

two types of pesticide drift

particle and vapor

problems with pesticide drift

non-target organism damage, poor pest control, contamination of soil and water resources, loss of money

broad-spectrum pesticides

control nearly all related organisms

systemic pesticide

moves within plant, fungicides and insecticides kill pest without harming plant

contact pesticide

control by direct contact only, not effective on perennials, may wash off or degrade quickly

info on pesticide label - most important to operators

impact on wildlife, PPE required, re-entry interval

what part can assist in mechanical agitation?

paddles

strainers purpose

filter out items that may damage pump, valves, or nozzles

flat-fan spray pattern

thin sheet of spray, with spray directly under the nozzle being the greatest

even flat-fan spray pattern

thin sheet of spray with uniform spray , used for band applications

hollow cone spray pattern

circular pattern with no drops in the middle

full cone spray pattern

droplets throughout the circle created

flood spray nozzle

flat sheet of spray that is not uniform

What warning is on every herbicide label?

keep out of reach of children

centrifugal pumps

low pressure, high flow rate

roller pumps

low to medium pressure, medium flow rate

diaphragm pumps

medium to high pressure, medium flow rate

piston pumps

high pressure, low flow rate

what factors does the type and use of the nozzle impact?

amount of spray applied (spray flow rate), uniformity of the spray, coverage (droplet size), drift potential (droplet size)

what factors does the droplet size influence?

coverage and spray drift

types of pesticide incomptability

physical (may settle, curdle etc.), chemical (synergism that increases activity/effectiveness, antagonism that decreases activity/effectiveness)

LD 50

dose that kills half of test animals

prevent drift - no spraying when

winds > 10 mph, shifty winds, winds blowing towards sensitive areas

factors that increase drift

small droplet size, wind speed and direction changes, sprayer far from plants, high temperatures and dry conditions (evaporation), temperature inversions/no wind

equipment characteristics that influence drift

boom height, nozzle orifice size

leaching, seepage

movement of pesticides out of the target area into groundwater/surfacewater

what leads to leaching/seepage

application prior to heavy rainfall, over-application, sandy soil, uncleaned spills

run-in

pesticide moves directly from soil surface to groundwater

what determines if pesticides reach groundwater?

pesticide properties, soil properties, site conditions, management practices

spot application

treat only portion of total area, control clustered pests