Unit 2- AICE Euro

Robert Bakewell

Introduced selective breeding of livestock in the 18th century, which improved the quality and productivity of animals.

John Kay

Invented the flying shuttle in 1733, which increased the speed of weaving and laid the groundwork for mechanized textile production.

James Hargreaves

Created the Spinning Jenny in 1764, allowing one worker to spin multiple spools of thread simultaneously.

Richard Arkwright

Invented the Water Frame in 1769 and established the first modern factory at Cromford.

Samuel Crompton

Developed the Spinning Mule in 1779, which combined features of the Jenny and Water Frame to produce strong, fine thread.

Edmund Cartwright

Invented the power loom in 1785, automating the weaving process and eventually increasing textile output.

James Watt

Improved the steam engine in the late 18th century, making it more efficient and practical for industrial use. His innovations helped power early factories.

Matthew Boulton

Partnered with James Watt around 1775 to commercialize the steam engine, funding and marketing its industrial use.

Jethro Tull

Invented the seed drill in the early 1700s, improving agricultural efficiency by planting seeds in rows.

Charles Townshend

Promoted the four-course crop rotation system in the mid-1700s, enhancing soil fertility and crop yields.

George Stephenson

Engineered the first public railway line, the Stockton to Darlington railway, in 1825, and the Liverpool to Manchester railway.

Abraham Darby

In 1708, developed the coke-based blast furnace which revolutionized iron smelting by replacing charcoal with coal.

Edwin Chadwick

Authored the 1842 Sanitary Report, exposing poor urban conditions and prompting public health reforms.

Anthony Ashley-Cooper

As the 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, he led reforms such as the Ten Hours Act of 1847 and child labor legislation.

Robert Owen

A social reformer and mill owner who advocated for better working conditions and early socialism in the 1810s-1830s.

Enclosure Acts

Between 1750 and 1850, over 4,000 acts privatized common lands in Britain, pushing rural workers into cities.

Four-Course Rotation

An agricultural innovation replacing the fallow system with a rotation of wheat, turnips, barley, and clover to maintain soil fertility.

Domestic System

A pre-industrial method where goods were produced in homes, replaced by factory-based production by the 1800s.

Factory System

Centralized production using machines and steam power, increasing efficiency and changing labor structures after 1780.

Joint-stock Companies

Business model where multiple investors bought shares, reducing financial risk and enabling large industrial projects.

Canal Mania

A surge in canal construction during the 1790s to facilitate industrial transport of coal and goods across Britain.

Turnpike Roads

Privately funded toll roads developed in the 1700s to improve inland transportation.

Steam Power

Adopted widely after 1800, steam engines powered machines and transport, driving industrial growth.

Coal Mining Innovations

By 1850, new methods such as pit ponies and wheeled corfs improved coal extraction and efficiency.

Iron Industry Expansion

The iron industry grew rapidly after 1750, providing essential materials for tools, railways, and factories.

Urbanization

By 1880, 80% of Britons lived in cities due to migration for factory jobs, transforming social and physical landscapes.

Subsistence Baskets

A measure of average real income compared to the cost of basic survival goods, used to track living standards.

Free Trade vs. Protectionism

Economic debate intensified in the 1800s; free traders argued for cheaper goods, while protectionists defended domestic agriculture.

Corn Laws

Tariffs introduced in 1815 to protect British agriculture, repealed in 1846 amid public pressure and famine concerns.

Tenement Housing

Cheap, crowded housing in industrial cities that was often unsanitary and dangerous for workers.

Child Labor

Children often worked long hours in dangerous factory conditions until reforms like the 1833 Factory Act.

Sanitation and Disease

Poor living conditions led to cholera and typhoid outbreaks; reform began with Chadwick's 1842 report.

Class Structure Shifts

Industrialization created new classes like the bourgeoisie and lower middle class, altering traditional hierarchies.

Bridgewater Canal

Built in 1761, it connected Manchester with coalfields and marked the start of Britain's canal network.

Stockton-Darlington Railway

Opened in 1825 as the world's first public railway using steam locomotives.

Repeal of Corn Laws

In 1846, Prime Minister Robert Peel repealed tariffs on imported grain, signaling a shift toward free trade.

1842 Sanitary Report

Edwin Chadwick's influential report that led to the Public Health Act and other reforms.

Factory Acts

A series of laws from 1802-1847 regulating child labor, hours, and working conditions.

1832 Reform Act

Expanded voting rights to the middle class and ended 'rotten boroughs,' helping to prevent revolution.

Chartist Movement

A working-class campaign for voting reform between 1838 and 1848 that presented petitions with millions of signatures.

Luddite Riots

Protests from 1811-1813 by skilled workers who destroyed machines they believed threatened their jobs.

Swing Riots

Rural uprisings in 1830-1831 where workers destroyed threshing machines and demanded higher wages.

Peterloo Massacre

In 1819, troops killed 15 and wounded hundreds at a peaceful protest for voting rights in Manchester.

Poor Law Amendment Act

Passed in 1834, it created harsh workhouses to deter the poor from seeking public aid.

Combination Acts

These 1799-1800 laws banned trade unions; repealed in 1824 after growing labor unrest.

Grand National Consolidated Trade Union

Founded in 1834 with Robert Owen's support to unite skilled workers in mutual aid.

Tolpuddle Martyrs

Six farm workers sentenced to exile in 1834 for forming a union, sparking national protest.

Municipal Corporations Act

Enacted in 1835, it reformed corrupt town councils and improved local governance.

Health of Towns Association

Formed in 1844 to pressure Parliament for sanitation and public health legislation.

Food and Drugs Act

Passed in 1875, it regulated food quality and banned adulteration to protect public health.