Walahii, I'm so damn cooked

Yellow River

Known as the 'river of sorrow' due to the deaths caused by floods.

Shang Dynasty

Recognized as the first true civilization with reliable artifacts and evidence.

they introduce the oracle bones, human sacrifice, and ancestor worship, mandate of heaven. Eventually fall down because the emperor give away too much land and lost the resource.

Oracle Bone

Animal bones used to tell the future by carving questions. the priest or the ruler is the person did it

Mandate of Heaven

The doctrine that Heaven grants the right to rule to a just ruler, introduce by the Zhou.

Feudalism

A social system introduced by the Zhou dynasty, where land is held by lords.

Dynastic Cycle

The pattern of rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties in Chinese history. the first phase is the honeymoon, they rebuild house, built road and etc for the people to be happy. the second phase start to have corrupted government official, tax more on peasant. third phase is when the emperor lost the mandate of heaven. nature disaster start to happen, and people start to rebels again the emperor 

Yin and Yang

Philosophical concept describing dualities such as dark and light.

Terracotta Warriors

Over 3000 life-sized statues built to guard the tomb of Qin Shi Huangdi.

Cai Lun

Introduced paper to the world during the Tang dynasty.

Wu Zetian

the wife of Tang Taizong, after he died she marry his son. She put her son on the throne and then dethrone them. She favorable Buddhism over any other religious. She also consider as one of the first empress, one of the 3 strong woman

Filial Piety

The respect and obedience to one's parents, a core value in Confucianism.

Legalism

A philosophy advocating strict laws and punishing disobedience as a means of maintaining order.

Fu Hao

A female general that is important because her tomb is the best preserve one and that she have many important item and she can lead military and do military leadership

Zhou

they introduce the mandate of heaven, feudalism, Coinage, and it’s the longest Dynasty. know for their bronze work.

Qin Shi Huangdi

introduce Qin coinage

simplify and standardize writing form ( calligraphy) 

build the Qin Great wall

he is legalism and oppose confucianism

give the name China

Liu Bang

Reward his loyal subject and family member with land in the other kingdom

Empress Lu

Liu Bang wife and is one of the strong woman

she eliminated all of her opposition so that she can maintain her control

she replace her husband family member in the government official position with her family member

she is hated because she is ruthless and she keep killing anyone that threaten her

although her ruling were with a iron fist, it was a peaceful 

Han Wudi

Expansion of China into modern China, under Han Wudi the Han dynasty will reach it peak

make a rule that require the father to equally divided to his son

government monopoly, he didn’t believe in commercial trade, so he let the government control it self

the government were short on cash so they letting Nepo baby buy the position

Eunuch

the thought process behind it was that if they can’t do the thing, they will put China above family and children, but eventually they got too much power that they try to outwit each other to see who can gain more power 

Han legacy 

Control of silk road, responsible for introduce paper to the world invented by Cai Lun, Civil service exam to see if you are fit for government ( the best of the best), the majority of the Chinese said they are the Han Chinese 90%

Sui Dynasty 

They build the channel between the yangtzi river and the yellow river and improve communication

Sui Yangdi

He build the canal, but he try to conquer Korea, but failed which lead to more unify Korea 

Shotoku Taishi

He copy the China capital design and he also spread the teaching of Buddhism, he made a new constitution based on Confucianism

Tang Taizong

The grandson of the person murder Sui Yangdi, he was the best emperor. He forced his father out of the throne and murder his brother. He reform the government and legal change, he is very religious tolerance. He admit his 200 mistake and change it when his advisor show him

Wu Zetian

wife of Tang Taizong, after her husband pass away, she marry his son, she put her son on the throne but then dethrone. she favorite buddhism over any religious.

Tang Xuanzong ( the apex)

He increase maritime

abolished death penalty

improve economic through silk road

construct a temple

he reorganized the military so farmer don’t get force into the military

Song Dynasty

It got dominated by Confucianism, result in Neo Confucianism

Moving block printer invented by Bi Sheng

more food more population more grain, double grained

foot binding

Gunpowder

Wang Anshi

He build school, lend money to the poor, fixed price commodification, cut government expenditure

His idea were good, but he did it too fast, so people don’t like it

Confucianism

founded by Confucian, he have the analects, which contain the Confucian teaching, he believe that the human society is the reflection of heaven it appeal to ruling class. One of the principle is that filial piety which is obedient to the father 

Mencius 

SImilar to Confucianism but the ruler have to behave good too

Harappan

An ancient civilization located in the Indus River Valley, known for cities like Mohenji-Daro and advanced urban planning. There is a statues in there, it have African features, so African might have moved to ancient India. They don’t have military power, we don’t know how they disappear in the late bronze age, it could be due to invasion or resource.

Aryan

It’s a language group that migrate to the north, and establish them self as a power house. They conquered most of India, but India are not a unify group, they are similar to the Greek city states.

Important things that the Aryan Introduce

Sanskrit, Vedas, Caste system, and Hinduism.

Sanskirt

The earliest indo euro written language. It’s a large body of literature found in religious states

Vedas

A writing of a religious nature for Hinduism. it talk about religion and daily life. It contain the information of the Aryan. The most important Vedas is the Rigveda, it contain the world origins and.

Caste system

A social ladder or pyramid based on racial purity, the more higher you are in the ladder, the more Aryan or more religious you are.

Brahmins ( priest, have the biggest authority)

Kshatriya’s ( warrior)

Vaisya ( Herder, farmer, merchant, etc)

Suddras ( farm worker, servant, and more)

the untouchable, non Aryan

Jati: Thousand of hereditary, endogamous sub group within the caste system

Hinduism

A major religious tradition that originated in India, characterized by a belief in multiple deities and concepts like dharma and karma.The religion has some European roots. Thus it also a polytheistic and some god have similar characteristics to greek and roman god

Karma

The principle of cause and effect, where a person's actions influence their fate in future incarnations, you action either gain good karma or bad karma, it can affect what you will reincarnate in Hindu believe. 

Buddhism

A major world religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha), emphasizing the path to enlightenment and the cessation of suffering. He practice Asceticism ( the denial of self pleasure)   

Nirvana

A state of perfect peace and freed from the cycle of birth and rebirth (samsara), achieved through following the teachings of Buddhism. It’s not heaven, it just a place of pure peace and quite 

Jainism

An ancient Indian religion that teaches non-violence and the pursuit of truth, founded by Mahavira. It different than Hinduism, if you are a good person, you can climb the ladder, until you are freed from the reincarnation cycle 

The Arthashastra

An ancient Indian book about how there are 2 way that king can rule their people, either by love or fear. His idea is conquer weaker kingdom, befriend the stronger kingdom until you can conquer them too, the book was written by Kautilya.

Ashoka

Is the grandson of Chandragupta. His ruling was hegemonic, he constantly spreading propaganda about himself with the rock edict. After he receive a wound, he start to realize the suffering around him, which convert him to Buddhism, He become almost paternalistic, he build hospital and road for visitor. He is a good ruler. He died without a legit heir, so his kingdom fell into a power struggle.

Mahabharata

One of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient Indian literature, depicting the struggle between two groups of cousins. It a story that can be a guide in your life for almost every action you do. The Bhagavad Gita is the most important chapter, due to it drill into the dharma more 

Shiva

The god of destruction and rebirth ( the dualism idea). He also represent while dancing, the concept of balance

The Kushan Empire

known for introduce coinage adapt from Greek coin, they are trader, they control the trade route and the silk road. they got rich by pilgrimage, there are people will pilgrimage to Shunga

Kanishka

He was a patron of Buddhism, he was introduce Mahayama buddhism ( modern Buddhism). He send missionary to spread Buddhism

Gupta Dynasty

The smallest ( control northern India), they are the apex of ancient India, they goes into the iron age and mastered the iron tools, they are traditional Hindu, they also responsible for art and literature. They are very religious tolerance. They were flourish in cultural and scholastic advancement.

the decline of the Gupta, during Chandragupta

the gupta were invaded by the white Huns during kumaragupta era, which lead to the downfall of the Gupta dysnasty, and the military defenses got broke through by the White Huns during Budhagupta reign. Which lead to the wither of leader ship and devalue of money.

Aftermath of the fall of Gupta Dynasty

India got divided into many smaller kingdom, and all of them want to be Gupta Dynasty, lead to the time of flourishing of technology and art, and in addition of more local royal court. Lead to the increase of cultural activity, temples, palace, art, literature

The 4 vedas

Rig Vedas ( most important)

Yahjur Vedas

Sama Vedas

Atharva Vedas

Kalidasa

the person who wrote the cloud messenger

Upanishads

It’s more of a moral guide than a religious text, it’s a guide for you to go through your life. Up mean Near, Ni mean down, Shad mean sit

Samsara

The process of reborn over and over again forever or until you can reach Moksha to freed from that infinite cycle

Dharma

The Big D,the collective teaching of Buddha in life, and eventually wrote into a religious law

Chandragupta Maurya

founder of the first major Indian empired, practice janism, and will lay out the groundwork for the Indian to build their history on. He also a pacifist so he will eventually starve himself later on

The 2 ancient civilazation in Greece

Minoans and the Mycenaeans

Minoans

they are involved in long distance trade start at Crete and expanded to Thera ( today Santorini, and the place for the 2nd largest volcanic eruption). they are sailor and sea people

they are naturalistic people 

palace of knossos ( have no wall, and the building is earthquake proof), Believe to be the king palace and to be the central of civilization

Fresco ( painting, mainly about nature)

LInear A 

We don’t know how the Minoans disappear, but it might be because of natural disaster and we don’t have much record of them

Mycenaeans

-LInear B( form of writing, use for listing and things

-Militaristic people, they build wall, meant that they is enemy around them

-Tholos tomb ( believe to be for royalty, the biggest and the best perverse tomb is the Atreus tomb

-mask of Agamemnon: A funeral mask for the famous king Agamemnon, it tell us how wealthy is the Mycenaeans is

Mycaneans society

Trader( they trade ivory, show that they reach Africa to trade there)

Age of Hero

the bronze age Mycenaeans are the basis for later Greek myths, they were consider as the Age of Hero. Some hero are based on fictional, some are real, a few heroic figure are Jason and the Argonauts, Hercules, King Oedipus of Thebes, Agamemnon.

Archaic period 

Expandtion of Greek culture, population growth, controlled the Mediterranean

7 things make Greek Greeks

Hellene

Dialect

Alphabet

Literature 

Religion: Temples, gods, and oracles

Olympic

Arete

Hellene

He was the king of Phthia, All of Greek believe they are all descendant of Hellene, there are 4 division of it, each is Hellene son

Greek Dialect

The main 3 dialect are Ionian( central Greece) , Aiolian( north Greece), Dorians ( South). They are dialect but all Greek can understand i

Alphabet

it replace linear B, it different from the Phoenician alphabet due to it use vowels too( Phoencian alphabet only use consonant). It’s the base for the latin alphabet

Literature

The most famous literature work in ancient greek is the Iliad, the Odyssey, and the poem Thegony. The Iliad talk about the 10 year war, the Odyssey is about Odysseus return home after 10 years of wars ( which believe to be more historical accurate) the Theogony is a poem talk about the god origin. Work and Day is a It give us insight about the greek culture and describe the agriculture, trading, sailing and business

A) Religion 

Greek religion is one of the unify factor that connect many different city states, Most god live in Mount Olympus. All of the Greek believe in all of the Greek, and they also believe all the god live in Mt Olympus

B) Temple

Temple were build through out many Greeks city state to reaffirm “greekness” of the people despite living in different independent city state

C) Oracles

The Greek believe they can predict the future with the oracles and that it will help them, the most famous is the Oracle at Delphi, it were build above a fissure crack

The Olympics

A event hold during every 4 year, it’s only for men and that they has to be Greeks. No woman were allow in there, It was done to honor Zeus

Arete

the Idea of excellence, it was about how you should be do good in EVERYTHING you do, like sport, games, and etc, but the most important one was citizenship

Phoenician

It’s an rivalry relationship with the Greek of the colonization, trade, and other areas,

Mycenaean society

Wanax: the king or the head of the society

Lawegetas: Leader of the people ( sometime troops) serve under the king

Governor: supervise territory under Wanax and Lawegetas 

Gwasilies: A mayor or chieftain title, eventually will become the top of the monarchy called Basileus ( king/monarch of a city, and it can have many Basileus) 

Agoura and Acropolis

Agoura is the lower part of the city states, usually have market and more there

Acropolis is the upper city states, the last defend line of the city states

Hoplites

Foot soldier that are heavily armed that is fight in the phallax formation.

Greek society

Citizen: has to be male, has to own lands, be born in that city states, and be 18 or 20

Resident: you can’t participate in politic but you get protected under the law

Underclass: you are war slave or you own debt that you can’t pay back

Greek government

Arkons = governor, serve 1 year term

Councils: 2 part, the Boule who wielded the most power. While the Areopagos ( contain elite of the society, the former Arkons), will eventually evolve into the supreme court

Assembly

All of the Athenian citizen have the right to vote, it a collective power, the Athenian assembly were called ekklesia

Draco

The hanging judge who give death sentence for almost all of the violation, he also is the first one to differentiated of manslaughter and murder

Solon

a reformer, but did not sastify the rich or the poor, he refused to do land distribution, he also a law maker, but eventually he exile himself to make people familiar with his law.

Peristratus

The tyrant of Athen after Solon self impose exile, he ruled with his 2 son Hippias and Hipparchus

Kleinthenes

consider as the father of democracy

expand the Boule to 500 member

made 10 new tribe

Equality of law and freedom of speech

introduce ostracism

made all citizen into the assembly

Athenian democracy principles

No professional bureaucrats ( no one can serve the council more than twice)

Every Citizen can hold office

Sparta /Lakedaimon

Use lead bar as currency

war thirsty( they have no war build until later)

they are very religious

Militaristic

Agoge: an training or a school teaching the Sparta how to grew up in a harsh environment for 7 year old kid until 18

Lykougos

came up with the Sparta government, created Rhetra

Rhetra

form ofmilitary that sparta citizenship that cutivate in the warrior society

population in sparta

While it helped create a strong army, the couple can’t meet up with each other, since the adult Sparta is expected to live in the barrack until 30’s, so it keep the husband and the wife from seeing each other. Woman in Sparta were view more value in Sparta than any other city

Persian war

It started when the Greek revolt in Persian territory and burned down a temple, it was called the Ionian revolt

It have 4 main battle

Battle of Marathon

Battle of Thermopylai

Battle of Salamis

Battle of Platiaia

Sparta government is a oligarchy

2 kings ( they can have army of 300 mens)

5 ephors

and the assembly

Battle of Marathon

When the Persian landed on the beach near Athens, half of them sail away to try to go to the other side of Athen to corner Athens. So the Greek have Miltiades as their general, when he heard the new, he send a runner to Sparta to ask for help, they agree but they said they can’t go now because they have a religious festival going on, so Miltiades decide to fight the Persian alone with Athens, so they fight using the Phallax formation, and it result in their victor. When the Persian try to run off to their ship, the Athenians would cut their hamstring or their hand. After the battle, Miltiades and his army run back to Athen.

Battle of Thermopylai

Xerxes launches a huge army to avange his father and take over Greece, he and his army pass hellespont by the pontoon bridge. So Leonidas ask the council to deploy people with him to fight the Persian, but they refuse so Leonidas bring his 300 men and with another 1000 to fight the Persian, After the first day Leonidas order the slave to throw the corpse of the Persian down a valley so they won’t know how bad they got defeated. So Xerxes send out the 10,000 immortal men to fight but they still lose, but there is a traitor that told Xerxes about the hidden route to corner Leonidas and his men with 1,000 people. the people that protect that hidden route has run away back to their city states, so Persian won that battle at the end.

Battle of Salamis

After the Persian burned down Athen, the Persian follow the Athen to try to kill them, but Themistokles, an navy leader and his fleet were hidden nearby and destroy most of the Persian, and then lure them to Strait of Salamis to use the tide to attack the Persian. So Xerxes decided to leave a large army behind and his son in law behind to fight

Battle of Platiaia

the battle that Mardonius fight in, in the early battle a random rock killed him, so in the end, the Greek won.

After the war

Athens established themselves as a power house and starting to building military camp( Kleroukhies) at other city states and made the Deliah league ( a alliance). So in respond of it due to Sparta felt a threat from it, they created the Pennopelisian league to go against the Deliah, lead to the start of Pennopelisian war

Perikles

the leader of athen who will lead Athen to it golden age, they will get more economic wealthy and they will thrive

Peliponnesian war

Death of Perikles

Failed Scilian Expedition

Defection of Alkibiades

Persian alliance with Sparta

Defeat at Argimusae

Defeat at Aegospotomi

Death of Pericles

His death created a power vacuum

Archidamus: king of Sparta at the beginning of the Peliponnesian League invade Attica

Cleon: Leader of Athen after Pericles death, who keep telling Athens to advocate offense on Sparta, he died in battle of Thrace

Nicias: struggle with Alkibiades for the control in Athens. He will eventually started the Nicias peace. He is a competent and over cautious leader, but he will get undermined by other people

defect of Alkibiades

Alkibiades run away from being getting trials and goes to Sparta to tell them about the silver mines that the Athens has, and he convince the them to build a Permanent fort in Attica, so that the Athen would be forces to stay behind the wall while a disease is going on. After a while the Athen tries to get a new competent leader, but no hope so they have to forgive Alkibiades to become their leader again.

Battle of Arginusae

After a victory won in Arginusae, the Athenian navy army were going back to Athens, but there is a freak storm coming and they didn’t get the people that fell out their ship out of the water yet, so they don’t have a choice but to abandoned them. It violet their protocol or their tradition. So they put all of the commander and leader on trial to imprison them or execute them. So they strip themselves of good leader.

Defeat at Aegospotomi

Due to them lack of good navy leader, they end up in defeat and they have to broke their power off