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attachment
an emotional bond that exists between a child and a significant other, usually a parent
what is central to our well being throughout life
attachment
who was involved with the term strange situation
Mary Ainsworth
strange situation
places the mother and baby in a series of situations that will become increasingly stressful for the infant. basically, she introduced the child to a stranger with and without the mother present
secure attachment
a strong, positive emotional bond with a particular person who provides
insecure attachments
anxious avoidant attachment and ambivalent resistant
anxious avoidant attachment
type of attachment in which the infant is not distressed when the mother leaves, is comfortable with a stranger while she is gone, and does not greet the mother upon her return. does not seek out the caregiver
ambivalent resistant
an attachment where the infant is afraid to move away from the mother to explore and is very distressed when she leaves. When she returns the child approaches her, but is angry and resists attempts for her to pick the child up. Both seeks and rejects contact with the caregiver
disorganized
infants behavior is disorganized, unpredictable and shows no coherent way of dealing with attachment
what type of attachment is often linked with parental abuse or neglect
disorganized
who came up with the stages of the development of attachment
Bowlby
development of attachment stages
pre-attachment, attachment in the making, clear-cut attachment, goal corrected partnerships
pre-attachment
(birth to six weeks) cry to communicate needs, facial expression, infants love to be touched and held. Infants act in ways that make adults want to pick them up as well
attachment in the making
(6 weeks to 6-8 months) by about two months the child demonstrates a social smile. Can discriminate between the familiar and unfamiliar. Begins to develop stranger anxiety
clear cut attachment
(6-8 months to 18 months-2years) see the development of separation anxiety. Child is okay as long as parent is present
goal corrected partnership
(18 months on) Toddlers are able to to form an internal working model. Children’s future actions are based on past experiences. Takes time and patience. Internal working models are stable over time but can be changed
what is an internal working model
a symbolic representation of particular attachment relationships they have experienced.
reasons that mothers are likely to respond positively to the infant
they have a positive relationship with partner
adequate economic resources
good psychological health
history of good care in their own childhood
have an infant that is easy to care for
it is necessary to have skin to skin contact with mother and child in order to develop a positive attachment
it is not necessary
mothers are usually a sense of ______ for the infant
security
fathers become the _______ for the child
playmate
what does the research say about father’s being more likely to have a secure attachment
they are more extroverted
better understand the infant’s state of mind
they believe that play is an important role in child’s development
for parents with adequate resources, research shows that having a an irritable baby may lead to an
even more secure attachment with the child than one who is not irritable. this is because the parent may need to pay closer attention to the child
why are infants born prematurely or with a neurological problem difficult to form a secure attachment with
because signals are hard to read
attachment is connected to our
biology
what chemical rises in children after interacting with their parents
oxytocin
infants with insecure and disorganized attachment respond differently to stress than those with a ______ attachment
secure
t/f: an insecure attachment has been associated with impaired function of all three stress symptoms
true
the three stress symptoms
release of cortisol, the activation of fight or flight response of sympathetic nervous system, and functioning of immune system
what does a secure attachment help a child do
helps the child regulate their emotions and their physiological response to stress
does the proportion of children who have secure attachments vary from country to country
no
why is attachment stable over time
because most families do not change dramatically
reactive attachment disorder
a disorder marked by the inability to form attachments to caregivers
disinhibited social engagement disorder
disorder where children approach strangers indiscriminately without differentiating between attachment figures and other people
enhanced sensitivity of mother to needs of the infant increase the likelihood of a
secure attachment and decrease the chances of an attachment disorder
how can attachment be made greater
when the father is involved