APHUG Unit 2

carrying capacity

max population size of a species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the available resources like food and water

overpopulation

the number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

demography

scientific study of population characteristics

ecumene

portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement(increased)

arithmetic density

total number of objects in an area

arable land

land suited for agriculture

physiological density

number of people per unit area of arable land

agricultural density

ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land.

natural increase rate

percentage by which a population grows in a year

doubling time

the number of years needed to double a population, a constant rate of natural increase

crude birth rate

total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

total fertility rate

measures the number of births in a society

infant mortality rate

annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age, compared with total live births

crude death rate

total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in society

demographic transition

a process of change in a society’s population from high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population

industrial revolution (1750)

major improvements in manufacturing goods and delivering them to market

medical revolution

new medical technology and improved medical practices

zero population growth (ZPG)

when CBR declines to the point where it equals CDR and NIR approaches zero

life expectancy

average number of years an individual can be expected to live based on social, economic, and medical conditions

potential support ratio (elderly support ratio)

number of working age people (15-64) divided by number of persons 65 and older

population pyramid

bar graph that displays the percentage of a place’s population for each age and gender

dependency ratio

number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years

demographic

relating to the structure of populations

transition

how those populations transition over time from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates

epidemiology

branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease that are prevalent among a population at a time

epidemiologic transition

distinctive threats in each stage of the demographic transition

epidemic

widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time

pandemic

epidemic that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population at the same time

pronatalist policy

government policy that supports higher birth rates

antinatalist policy

government policy that supports lower birth rates

maternal mortality rate

annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated pregnancy

sex ratio

number of males per 100 females in the population

migration

permanent move to a new location

mobility

general term covering all types of movements that recur on a regular basis

circulation

short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis

migration transition

change in migration pattern in a society that results from the social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition

voluntary migration

permanent move from one country to another based on their free will

forced migration

migrant has been compelled to move by political or environmental factors

internal migration

permanent move within the same country

interregional migration

movement from one region of a country to another

intraregional migration

movement within one region

emigration

migration from a location

immigration

migration to a location

net migration

difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants.

refugee

has been forced to migrate to another country to avoid armed conflict and violence and can’t return for fear of persecution

internally displaced person

similar to refugee, but has not migrated across an international border (inside the country)

asylum seeker

someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee

counterurbanization

net migration from urban to rural areas

unauthorized immigrants

immigrants who enter without proper documents, immigrate illegally

quota

a law establishing a maximum limit of the number of people who can immigrate into a country

brain drain

large scale emigration by talented people

family-based migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives previously migrated there

guest workers

people from poorer countries were allowed to immigrate temporarily to obtain jobs

circular migration

temporary movement of a migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment

brain gain

large scale immigration by talented people

census

a survey of the total population of a region done by a governing body

chain migration

migration of people to specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

distribution

the way something is spread out or arranged over a geographic area

diaspora

a community of people who are dispersed throughout the world, but retain their cultural, religious, or ethnic differences

disease diffusion

occurs when a disease is transmitted to a new location

fertility

birth

step migration

a type of migration that happens in a series of steps