Pigs, Cats, Dogs, Zoonoses

what are two domestic pig breeds? 2 miniature from the US?

Domestic: Yorkshire, Duroc

Miniature: Sinclair & Hanford

what is a sow? a gilt? a boar? a barrow?

• sow = female pig that has farrowed

• gilt = female pig that has not farrowed

• boar = intact male pig

• barrow = castrated male pig

after birth: piglets start in the __________, then go to the ______ for _______, then they go to the ______ until they are ____ old.

Farrowing Barn, Nursery; 8 weeks after birth; finishing barn; 6 months

pig body weight
adult:
newborn:
miniature adult:
miniature newborn:

adult: 220-300 kg

newborn: 1-1.5 kg

minipig adult: 35-90 kg

minipig newborn: 450-800 g

what is a closed herd? where are they often used

the herd has a limited genetic diversity, but are outbred rather than inbred; miniature pig breeding

T/F: minipigs should be fed ad libitum

F: will often get obese

what are the two weight categories for minipig breeds?

35-55 kg and 70-90 kg

what is a snare?

a rope/metal noose that goes in between a pig’s front teeth and molars to induce a pig to corner itself

Pig Sexual Maturity

5-7 months (meishan can be 4 months)

when are gilts first bred?

8 months

pig estrous cycle is __?

18-24 days

pig gestation length is ___?

115 days

pig litter size is…?

8-15

why is it important to provide precise heat control to pigs?

piglets are susceptible to hypothermia and adult pigs are susceptible to overheating

why is it important to have multiple feed sources for pigs

some pigs will try to prevent others from eating

T/F: pigs are required to have a permanent ID?

T

if I house a pig outside, I MUST …?

provide shade

pigs were used by eli lilly in 1923 to…?

mass produce insulin to sell to diabetes patients

why are pigs such promising xenotransplantation candidates?

many pig organs are similar enough to humans to be transplanted, and thanks to the use of GalSafe pigs, doctors won’t have to worry about rejection due to alpha gal syndrome

what is the standard laboratory dog breed?

Beagle

what is a class A dealer for dogs and cats? class B?

class A are purpose-bred from USDA licensed vendors/research institutes, whereas class B are Random-Source, producing mixed breeds typically not used by NIH institutes

why shouldn’t you corner a dog?

they will feel trapped, and may lash out in self defense

what should you NEVER do with dogs?

pick them up by the scruff of their neck

what is chest-down position? lateral recumbency position? what is the LCP used for?

chest-down: wraps dog in arms and holds in place with chest pressed against animal
lateral recumbency: laying on side with legs restrained

• to expose saphenous vein

dog weight: (M, F, Newborn)

adult male 13-18 kg, female 12-16 kg, newborn ~350 gm

what causes eye shine?

an intraocular structure that helps dogs see better in less lighting

dogs reach sexual maturity at…

7-9 months

T/F: estrous cycles are not consistent between dog breeds

T

gestation in dogs is…?

59-68 days

litter size in dogs is…?

4-8

what causes bitches to get more aggressive around their whelping date?

changes in pregnancy hormones

T/F: dogs do not do well in a routine

F

how can you tell a dog is sick?

self-isolation, lack of play, shivering, loss of appetite, and self harm such as excessive licking/biting

4 USDA acceptable ways to ID a dog/cat are…?

microchip, collar, tag, and tattoo

the AWA requires additional _____ for all dogs

exercise

T/F: clean water is provided ad libitum, but food is given 1-2x per day for dogs

T

why are cat brains so interesting?

they represent a point in evolution between lower mammalian intellect and that of nonhuman primates

what is the best rule for handling cats?

handle as little as possible

cat weights are (M/F/Newborn)

adult male 3-7 kg, female 3-5 kg; newborn ~120 gm

sexual maturity in cats is…?

females 5-6 months, males 7-8 months

cats need something to kitten, what?

Nest area box w/ bedding or towels

Cat gestation length is…?

58-67 days

litter size for cats is

3-6

T/F: cats are induced ovulators, meaning they ovulate after every sexual stimulation from a mate

F: multiple matings are required

T/F: one litter can have kittens with multiple fathers

T

diestrus/pseudopragnancy in cats lasts…?

35-40 days

cats exhibit 2 behavioral changes when in estrus. they are…?

very vocal and display lordosis

T/F: cats and pigs are nocturnal, dogs are diurnal

F: cats are nocturnal, dogs and pigs are diurnal

a cat will often rub up against furniture, people, or other cats. this is called _____ and it works by…?

Bunting; rubbing the scent glands in their face against things to mark their territory

if a cat is unhappy, it may…?

crouch in the back of its cage with twitching tail, fold ears against head, partially close eyes, or growl

T/F: cats have a strict lighting cycle?

T: 12 light hours —> 12 dark hours

how tall must a cat cage be?

2 ft

cats less than _(weight)_ have a floor space of ____, while cats more than ___ have a floor space of ___

9 lbs; 3 sq ft per animal, 9 lbs; 4 sq ft per animal

T/F: Visual Stimuli are very important to cats

T

cats are housed away from loud noises since

they startle easily

what is hematuria?

blood in the urine

for diet, cats are…?

obligate carnivores

T/F: cats are fed and watered ad libitum?

T

cats have a lower digestibility because they have a…?

relatively shorter GI tract

Zoonoses are transmitted between…?

VERTEBRATE ANIMALS AND HUMANS

define endemic

continually present in a particular region

define epidemic

an endemic that has spread to multiple regions

define pandemic

a zoonosis that spreads between continents

T/F: inanimate environments are involved in zoonotic infection

T

what is an emerging zoonosis?

a zoonosis that is newly recognized, newly evolved, or expands in geographical range

what 4 zoonotic viruses are of “national concern” to the united states?

Influenza, West Nile virus, Coronaviruses (e.g., SARS, MERS, COVID-19), Rabies

what is a vector?

an organism, typically invertebrate, that transmits a pathogen from reservoir host to another host

what is a reservoir?

a long term host of an infectious pathogen with or without ill effects

what is a fomite?

an inanimate object that can transmit an infectious agent

what are Anthropozoonoses

Zoonoses where the main reservoir of infection is non-human vertebrate animals

what are Zooanthroponoses?

zoonoses that mainly affect people, which may be transmitted to animals, which then act as temporary reservoirs of infection

Amphixenoses

Diseases that may be maintained in nature either in animal or in human population and are transmitted in both directions

Incidental host or dead-end host

a host from which infectious agents are not transmitted to other susceptible hosts

Definitive (primary) host

a host in which the pathogens reaches maturity and reproduce

Link Host

usually associated with parasites

Intermediate/secondary host

short-term/larval/developmental stages occur; type of link host

Paratenic (transport) Host

no developmental stages occur; type of link host

Amplifying Host

increases the quantity/concentration of a pathogen

T/F: if an animal is one host, it cannot be another

F: animals can be multiple kinds of host

what are 5 infectious agents?

viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and prions (misfolded protein)

What is direct transmission

immediate transfer of infectious agents through direct contact (biting, kissing, water droplets, etc)

what is indirect transmission?

transported and introduced by something else; can be vehicle borne (i.e. used syringe) or vector borne

difference between mechanical vector borne indirect transmission and biological vector borne indirect transmission

Mechanical: carried w/o biological changes

Biological: development of organism occurs

what is airborne transmission?

inhaled agents in 1-5 micron range

what is transovarian transmission?

passed vertically to succeeding generations before entering the host

what is transstadial transmission?

passed through stages of life (i.e. nymph/larvae to adult) before entering a host; does NOT pass on to eggs

direct and indirect zoonosis require ___ vertebrate host(s)

1

cyclozoonosis requires ___ vertebrate host(s)

more than 1

Sparozoonosis requires ____ vertebrate host(s) and…?

inanimate reservoirs and 1 vertebrate host

Metazoonosis requires ____ vertebrate host(s) and…?

1 vertebrate host and 1 invertebrate host to maintain transmission