Apush unit 8

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years

Berlin Airlift

In 1948, the Soviet Union blocked all land access to West Berlin. The United States and its allies responded by airlifting food and supplies to the city for almost a year. The airlift ended in 1949 when the blockade was lifted.

Containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world (Iron curtain) by providing military and economic aid to countries threatened by Soviet expansion

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Marshall Plan

A US initiative to aid Western Europe and provided $13 billion in aid to rebuild Europe. It helped to stabilize the economies of Western Europe, and prevented the spread of communism.

NATO

A military alliance of 30 North American and European countries.

**Who:** NATO was founded by 12 countries, including the United States, Canada, and several Western European nations.

**Why:** NATO was created to provide collective defense against the Soviet Union and to promote stability and security in Europe.

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

Korean War

A conflict between UN forces (primarily US and S Korea) against North Korea, and later China; Gen. Douglas Macarthur led UN forces and was later replaced by Gen. Ridgeway; Resulted in Korea remaining divided at the 38th parallel

HUAC

House Un-American Activities Committee

Joseph McCarthy

Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists

Executive Order 9981

Establishes equality of treatment and opportunity in the Armed Services for people of all race, religions, or national origins

Taft-Hartley Act

Act that provides balance of power between union and management by designating certain union activities as unfair labor practices; also known as Labor-Management Relations Act (LMRA)

GI Bill

Law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations

Truman's Fair Deal

Recommended that all Americans have health insurance that the minimum wage be increased and that by law all Americans be guaranteed equal rights

Levittown

In 1947, William Levitt used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in suburban New York to help relieve the postwar housing shortage. Became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII

Baby Boom

A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility

Dwight D. Eisenhower

American President and General who began in North Africa and became the Commander of Allied forces in Europe

Checkers Speech

Given by Richard Nixon on September 23, 1952, when he was the Republican candidate for the Vice Presidency. Said to have saved his career from a campaign contributions scandal

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal

Brown v. Board of Education

The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism

Greensboro Sit-Ins

Black students politely order food from restaurant, not served, sat in place for days, gathering supporters

Federal Highway Act of 1956

Measure that provided federal funding to build a nationwide system of interstate and defense highways

Suez Crisis

July 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space

John F Kennedy

35th President of the United States; only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize

Election of 1960

Brought about the era of political television. Between Kennedy and Nixon. Issues centered around the Cold War and economy. Kennedy argued that the nation faces serious threats from the soviets. Nixon countered that the US was on the right track under the current administration. Kennedy won by a narrow margin.

Military-Industrial Complex

Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending

Beat Generation

Group highlighted by writers and artist who stressed spontaneity and spirituality instead of apathy and conformity (1950's)

"New Frontier"

Kennedy's plan, supports civil rights, pushes for a space program, wans to cut taxes, and increase spending for defense and military

Peace Corps

Federal program established to send volunteers to help developing nations

NASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Apollo Missions

Designed to land humans on the Moon and bring them safely back to earth

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba

Freedom Riders

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

Freedom Summer (1964)

Effort by civil rights groups in Mississippi to register black voters during the summer of 1964

March on Washington

March in 1963, led by MLK, I have a dream

James Meredith

Civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy.

Assassination of JFK

On November 22, 1963, Kennedy arrived in Dallas with his wife, Jacqueline. As the president and the First Lady rode through the streets in an open car, several shots rang out. Kennedy slumped against his wife. The car sped to a hospital, but the president was dead

Lyndon B. Johnson

Became president after Kennedy's assassination and reelected in 1964; Democrat; signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law, promoted his "Great Society" plan, part of which included the "war on poverty", Medicare and Medicaid established; Vietnam

Civil Rights Act of 1964

A federal law that authorized federal action against segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and employment

Affirmative Action

A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

Great Society

President Johnson's version of the Democratic reform program

Barry Goldwater

An American senator for Arizona who ran against Johnson for president. His extreme conservatism scared many into voting for Johnson

Liberalism

A belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity

Conservatism

A belief that limited government insures order competitive markets and personal opportunity

Voting Rights Act of 1965

A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically

Malcolm X

Black Muslim who argued for separation, not integration. He changed his views, but was assassinated in 1965

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States

George Wallace

Four time governor of Alabama. Most famous for his pro-segregation attitude and as a symbol for states' rights \--- runs against Nixon (as an independent)

Richard Nixon

37th President; Republican; Ended Vietnam War; Recognized China/ Watergate scandal; First president to resign

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

Silent Majority

A phrase used to describe people, whatever their economic status, who uphold traditional values, especially against the counterculture of the 1960s

Kent State Massacre

Protests to the war that lead to National Guard being called in and shot students because they burned the ROTC building

Pentagon Papers

A 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself concerning the Vietnam War

Détente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon (relaxation)

Gideon v. Wainwright

A landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In the case, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys

Miranda v. Arizona

Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police

Environmental Protection Agency

An independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment (EPA)

Silent Spring

A book written by Rachel Carson to voice the concerns of environmentalists. Launched the environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of civilization development

War Powers Act

A resolution of Congress that stated the President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat

"Stagflation"

A period of falling output and rising prices

Watergate Scandal

A scandal involving an illegal break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in 1972 by members of President Nixon's reelection campaign staff. Before Congress could vote to impeach Nixon for his participation in covering up the break-in, Nixon resigned from the presidency

Gerald R Ford

Nixon's vice president after Agnew resigned, he became the only president never to be elected. Taking office after Nixon resigned, he pardoned Nixon for all federal crimes that he committed or may have committed

Equal Rights Amendment

Constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

Roe v. Wade

Legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

University of California v. Bakke

A case involving an affirmative action program at a California medical school

Phyllis Schlafly

Anti-feminist who led the campaign to defeat the ERA claiming it would undermine the American family

"New Right"

Outspoken conservative movement of the 1980s that emphaszed such "social issues" as opposition to abortion, the Equal Rights Amendment, pornography, homosexuality, and affirmative action

Jimmy Carter

39th President, with Vice President Walter Mondale. He secured energy programs, set the framework for Egypt-Israel treaty, and sought to base foreign policy on human rights

Malaise Speech

On July 15, 1979, Carter gave this nationally-televised address in which he identified what he believed to be a "crisis of confidence" among the American people

SALT Agreements

Strategic Arms Limitations Treaties; worked to reduce arms during the Cold War

Iran Hostage Crisis

Beginning November 4, 1979; anti American Muslims stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took hostages, lasted two years

Ronald Reagan

40th President,"Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with conservative Democrats or "boll weevils" , at reelection time, jesse jackson first black presdiential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro as VP running mate (first woman)

Supply-side economics

An economic theory, advocated by President Reagan, holding that too much income goes to taxes and too little money is available for purchasing. The solution is to cut taxes and return purchasing power to consumers

SDI

Strategic Defensive Initiative

Iran-Contra Affair

Americans kidnapped in Beirut by Iranian govt, so deal, scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected, Poindexter and North involved

"Moral Majority"

A movement begun in the early 1980's among religious conservatives that supported primarily conservative Republicans opposed to abortion, communism and liberalism

George HW Bush

President during the Gulf War, ability to quickly bring the war to a conclusion while suffering relatively few casualties resulted in the second-highest approval rating of any president, 89%

Operation Desert Storm

The United States and its allies defeated Iraq in a ground war that lasted 100 hours (1991)

Americans With Disabilities Act

Passed by Congress in 1991, this act banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commerical buildings

gulf of tonkin incident

Vietnam war: US support of South Vietnam leader Diem, Incident: Johnson claimed US ship attacked by North Vietnam in Tonkin Gulf \-- leads to US troops into Vietnam

Tet offensive

surprise attack by NV on SV on new years

nation divided due to vietnam war

"hawks" : pro-war vs. "doves" : anti-war

"new left" college movements

free speech movement, students for a democratic society (SDS) \-- anti-war movement

feminist movement

national organization for women (NOW) campaigned for an equal rights amendment (ERA)

stonewall riots

leads to modern gay rights movement

my lai massacre

us troops kill women and children in Vietnam \-- helped lead to public's desire to end war (under Nixon)

Rock and Roll

music that grew out of rhythm and blues and that became popular in the 1950s

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Stokely Carmichael

a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr.but later changed his attitude. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."

Spunik

Soviet Union launched ship 1957. urged US to call more federal funds for education- called into question American technological superiority

Alger Hiss

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

8. Bakke vs Board of Regents

Bakke decision, formally Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, ruling in which, on June 28, 1978, the U.S. Supreme Court declared affirmative action constitutional but invalidated the use of racial quotas.

Birmingham, Alabama

City in the deep south known for its strict enforcement of total segregation in everyday life.

cambodia

Nixon widened the Vietnam War by moving troops into this country to try and remove enemy camps.

CIA

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian intelligence agency of the United States government. Its primary function is obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and persons in order to advise public policymakers

Civil Rights Act of 1957

\*Created a panel to ensure that voting rights of African Americans were not ==violated==

==\*First civil rights act since Reconstruction==

\*Stimulated by Brown v. Board of Edu. of Topeka and civil rights activism