Video Notes Review: Cardiology and Gastroenterology (Canine/Feline)

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and definitions from the lecture notes, including canine cardiovascular diseases, Boxer cardiomyopathy, and intussusception/GI topics.

Subaortic stenosis (SAS)

A fixed obstruction just below the aortic valve causing left ventricular pressure overload; breed predispositions include Boxers, Golden Retrievers, Newfoundland, German Shepherds, and Rottweilers (not Mastiffs or Irish Wolfhounds).

Breeds predisposed to SAS

Boxers, Golden Retrievers, Newfoundland, German Shepherds, and Rottweilers; Mastiffs and Irish Wolfhounds are not predisposed.

Systolic murmur at left heart base

A systolic murmur heard at the left heart base, commonly associated with SAS.

Concentric hypertrophy (left ventricle)

Thickening of the left ventricular wall due to pressure overload (as seen with SAS).

Post-stenotic dilation of the aorta

Dilation of the aorta just beyond the stenotic region due to turbulent, high-velocity flow.

Ventricular arrhythmias in SAS

Abnormal ventricular rhythms that can occur with SAS and may lead to acute death.

Prognosis in SAS

Guarded; sudden death can occur at any time; increased risk of infective endocarditis.

Prophylactic antibiotics

Preventive antibiotics given to reduce the risk of infective endocarditis in SAS.

Atenolol (beta blocker)

Beta-1 selective blocker used to reduce myocardial oxygen demand and frequency of ventricular arrhythmias.

Balloon dilation (valvuloplasty) in SAS

Balloon dilation of the obstruction; outcomes are generally not very good.

Tricuspid valve dysplasia

Congenital abnormality of the tricuspid valve; common in Labs, German Shepherds, and large-breed males.

Right heart failure signs

Ascites and hepatomegaly indicating right-sided heart failure.

Right-sided murmur location

Systolic murmur heard at the right mid-thorax, associated with tricuspid disease.

Regurgitation in tricuspid valve

Irregular valve leaflets, chordae tendineae, or papillary muscles causing tricuspid regurgitation; prognosis depends on regurgitation severity.

Radiographic findings in tricuspid dysplasia

Severe cardiomegaly with marked right atrial and right ventricular enlargement on radiographs.

Mitral valve dysplasia (MV dysplasia)

Congenital defect where the mitral valve is thickened, fused, or fibrosed; predisposed breeds include German Shepherds and Great Danes.

Myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve

Degenerative disease of the mitral valve; most common cardiac disease in older small-breed dogs.

MV disease exam findings

Both MV dysplasia and myxomatous degeneration show regurgitant jet across the mitral valve; murmur at the left heart apex.

MV disease radiographic findings

Pulmonary hypertension risk with enlargement of the left atrium on radiographs.

MV disease treatment progression

No treatment in early stages; in progressed disease: diuretics, ACE inhibitors, often +/- digoxin.

Right ventricular arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (Boxer cardiomyopathy)

Arrhythmogenic disease in boxers; syncope can occur; diagnosed with 24-hour Holter monitoring.

Syncope in Boxers

Fainting episodes common with Boxer cardiomyopathy due to electrical instability.

24-hour Holter monitor

Diagnostic tool to detect electrical conduction abnormalities and ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) in Boxer cardiomyopathy.

Canine esophagus composition

Canine esophagus is composed of striated muscle; feline esophagus is about 2/3 striated and 1/3 smooth muscle.

Parietal cells and gastrin

Parietal cells produce HCl; gastrin (from G cells in the antrum) stimulates acid production.

Xylazine in cats

Agent used to induce emesis in cats.

Cyproheptadine

Appetite stimulant used in small animals.

Intussusception

Invagination of one intestinal segment into an adjacent segment; mechanical obstruction.

Most common site of intussusception

Ileocolic junction; jejuno-jejunal is the second most common site.

Clinical signs of intussusception

Scant bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, a palpable doughy sausage in the abdomen, and vomiting.

Intussusception risk factors

Common in young animals with recent enteritis (e.g., chronic diarrhea, treated for Coccidia).

Radiographs in intussusception

Obstructive pattern with dilated loops of the small intestine; barium study can be helpful.