Biochemical Energy Production

Metabolism

What is the sum total of all chemical reactions in a living organism?

Energy, growth substance and cell repair

Metabolism is the various chemical processes by which food is utilized by a living organism to provide what?

Catabolism

All metabolic reactions in which large biochemical molecules are broken down to smaller ones

Oxidation of glucose

Example of catabolism

Anabolism

All metabolic reactions in which small biochemical molecules are joined to form larger ones

Synthesis of proteins

Example of anabolism

Metabolic pathway

It is a series of consecutive biochemical reactions used to convert a starting material into an end product

Nucleus

Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and their function

• DNA replication and RNA synthesis

Plasma membrane

Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and their function

• cellular boundary

Cytoplasm

Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and their function

• the water-based material of a eukaryotic cell

Mitochondria

Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and their function

• Generates most of the energy needed for cell

Lysosomes

Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and their function

• Contain hydrolytic enzymes needed for cell rebuilding, repair and degradation

Ribosomes

Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and their function

• Sites for protein synthesis

Outer membrane

Part of mitochondria that is permeable to small molecules: 50% lipid, 50% protein

Inner membrane

Part of mitochondria that is highly impermeable to most substances: 20% lipid, 80% protein

ATP

What synthesis occurs on the inner membrane of mitochondria?

High energy compounds

Several phosphate containing compounds found in metabolic pathways are known as?

Strained bond

High-energy phosphate compounds contain at least one reactive bond -- called?

AMP

What is the structural component of RNA?

ADP & ATP

What are the key components of metabolic pathways?

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)

It is coenzyme required in numerous metabolic redox reactions. It is the oxidized form

FADH2

What is the reduced form of flavin adenine Dinucleotide?

Coenzyme A

What is the derivative of vitamin B?

1. Digestion

2. Acetyl group formation

3. Citric acid cycle

4. Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

Stage 1: Digestion

What stage results in small molecules that can cross intestinal membrane into the blood?

• Glucose and monosaccharides from carbohydrates

• Amino acids from proteins

• Fatty acids and glycerol from fats and oils

What are the end product of digestion?

Acetyl CoA

What is the end product of oxidations from stage 1?

Stage 3: Citric Acid Cycle

In this stage acetyl group is oxidized to produce CO2 (which we exhale during breathing) and energy

NAD & FADH2

Most energy is trapped in stage 3 and carried by the reduced coenzymes?

Stage 4: Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation

In this stage, NADH and FADH2 are oxidized to release H+ and electrons. H+ are transported to the inter-membrane space in mitochondria

Stage 3 and 4

The reactions in stages ____ are common to the processing of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

Digestion

Breakdown of food molecules by hydrolysis into simpler chemical units that can be used by cells in metabolic processes

Absorption

The process of getting the digested molecules into the bloodstream and ultimately into the cells where metabolism occurs

Small intestine

Absorption takes place in?

Villi

It is richly supplied with a fine network of blood vessels and a central lymph vessel