first lab exam for anatomy and physiology 2

definition of all the parts we needed to study

beta cells

produce insulin- lowers blood glucose levels

Alpha cells

produces glucagon raises blood glucose levels

delta cells

produce somatostatin

which suppresses insulin and glucadon release

HGH

produced by somatrophs

HGH is human growth hormone )-stimulates growth (bones and muscles) and regulates metabolism

ACTH ( Adrenocorticotropic)

produced by corticotrops

Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)--acts on the adrenal gland causing it to produce and secrete cortisol (ie. stress hormone)

Prolactin

produced by Lactotrophs

Prolactin (PRL)--causes milk production is female breast tissue

FSH and LH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) (Luteinizing Hormone)

produced by gonatotrophs

Follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH)--stimulates ovarian follicle development and gamete production(male and female)

luteinizing hormone(LH)--stimulates ovulation in female!! and in male stimulates productions of testosterone!!

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

produced by thyrotrophs

thyroid-stimiliating hormone ( TSH)- stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

T3 and T4 (Triiodothyronine) (Thyroxine)

thyroid gland produces it follicular cells produce the hormone

T3 affects most tissues T4 is a metabolic hormone
Functions:
1.Regulates your metabolism
2.Effect your growth and development
3.effect cardiovascular system
4.nervous system effects
5. Effects protein synthesis

Calcitonin

Produced by Parafollicular cells (C cells)

Function: 

Lowers blood calcium (Ca2+) by inhibiting osteoclasts 

Promotes calcium (Ca2+) deposition into your bones

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

produced by chief cells

PTH functions 

Causes release of CA2+ from the bone 

Stimulates your osteoclasts 

Also increases absorption of calcium(Ca2+) in the kidneys 

PTH causes the production of vitamin D 

Increases dietary calcium(Ca2+) reabsorption from the digestion system

Insulin

Produced by your beta cells 

Acts on liver to increase glycogen synthesis 

Decreases gluconeogenesis

Occurs in the liver 

Causes in increase uptake of glucose 

Increase in protein synthesis 

Occurs in the muscle 

Increases fat storage 

And decreases lipolysis 

Occurs in adipose tissue

Glucagon

Produced by Alpha cells

Counters insulin 

Acts primarily on the liver 

Increases glycogenolysis 

Increases gluconeogenesis 

Increases ketogenesis 

All of it increases blood glucose

Somatostatin

Produced by Delta cells

Suppresses insulin and glucadon release

Aldosterone

produced from the adrenal glands
produced by Zona Glomerulosa cells located in the outer layer of the adrenal cortex

acts like a Mineralocorticoids 

Aldosterone!

1 regulates blood pressure(BP)

2 regulate blood volume(BV)

3 regulates electrolyte balance in your body

Cortisol

produced by the Zona Reticularis (inner zone)

manages stress responses, regulates metabolism, controls blood pressure, and helps maintain blood sugar levels also allows you to get out of the bed in the morning

DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone)

found in the adrenal gland

Produced by zona reticularis (inner zone)
weak androgen, its a steroid hormone

Functions:

Pubic hair 

Axillary hair 

libedo(ie sex drive)

Secondary sexual characteristics 

Especially in females

Adrenaline

found in the adrenal medulla

chromaffin cells produce it

initiates the body’s rapid "fight-or-flight" response to danger or stress

peptide hormone
increases heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen flow to muscles, while accelerating blood sugar release for energy. boosts alertness slows down non essential functions like digestion

ADH (antidiuretic hormones)

found in the and is released by the posterior pituitary
located in the hypothalamus
produced by cells Magnocellular Neurosecretory Cells

peptide hormone

1 main hormone in water balance in the body 

2 acts on kidney to absorb H2O back into the blood

Oxytocin

produced by Magnocellular Neurosecretory Cells
located in the Hypothalamus
released by Posterior Pituitary Gland

1.causes uterine contraction 

2.causes ejection of milk from female breasts 

3.mother-newborn(bonding)

4.involved in feelings of love and closeness

Zona Fasciculata

middle zone of the cortex

Why care?

Energy metabolism 

Long term stress adaptation 

Immune regulation 

Cardiovascular stability

Zona Granulosa

outer part of the cortex 

Secretes 

Mineralocorticoids 

Aldosterone!

Zona Reticularis

inner most layer of the cortex

3 layers of the Zona going inner middle outer

Zona Reticularis, Zona Fasciculata, Zona Granulosa

3 layers of the zona cortex Mnemonic inner middle outer

Real Frigging Gangsters

Zona Reticularis, Zona Fasciculata, Zona Granulosa

Blood vessels 3 layers

(inner)1.tunica intima

(middle)2.tunica media

(outer)3.tunica externa

1.Tunica Intima

(inner)

endothelial cells + basement membrane

2.tunica media

(middle)
smooth muscle

3.tunica externa

(outer)
connective tissue

3 layers of a blood vessel mnemonic inner middle outer

Interesting Metal Extraterrestrials

(inner)1.tunica intima

(middle)2.tunica media

(outer)3.tunica externa

3 layers of the heart inner middle outer

1.endocardium

2.myocardium

3.epicardium

3 layers of the heart Mnemonic Inner middle outer

Entertaining my Elephant

1.endocardium

2.myocardium

3.epicardium

1.Endocardium

Inner endothelial lining 

Smooth 

Covers the valves

2.Myocardium

Thickest layer 

Muscle tissue 

Contractions 

Thickness varies by chamber

3.Epicardium

Outer layer 

Visceral layer of the serous pericurdum 

Fat.vessels,nerves