unit two human geo

Arithmetic Density

The total population of an area divided by its total land area, giving a measure of population density.

Physiological Density

The total population of an area divided by its arable land area, providing insight into the population's pressure on agricultural resources.

Agricultural Density

The total number of farmers per unit of arable land, indicating the intensity of agriculture in a region.

Distribution

The arrangement or spread of people, animals, plants, or objects across a specific area.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size that an environment or region can sustainably support with available resources.

Sex Ratio

The ratio of males to females in a population, typically expressed as the number of males per 100 females.

Population Pyramid

A graphical representation of a population's age and sex composition, often used to analyze demographic trends.

Fertility Rate

The average number of children born to a woman during her reproductive years, usually expressed per 1,000 women.

Mortality Rate

The number of deaths in a population within a specific time period, typically expressed per 1,000 people.

Infant Mortality Rate

The number of infant deaths (under one year of age) per 1,000 live births in a given year.

Natural Increase Rate

The rate at which a population grows or declines due to the difference between birth and death rates.

Doubling Time

The number of years it takes for a population to double in size at a constant rate of natural increase.

Demographic Transition Model

A model that describes the historical and expected patterns of population growth, from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.

Malthusian Theory

The theory proposed by Thomas Malthus in the 18th century, suggesting that population growth will outstrip food production, leading to famine and crisis.

Neo-Malthusian Theory

A modern adaptation of Malthusian theory that includes concerns about overpopulation, resource depletion, and environmental degradation.

Pronatalist Policy

Government policies or incentives aimed at increasing birth rates within a population.

Antinatalist Policy

Government policies or incentives aimed at reducing birth rates within a population.

Contraception

Methods and devices used to prevent pregnancy or control birth rates.

Ravenstien's Laws of Migration

A set of 11 principles describing the patterns and characteristics of human migration.

Microloans

Small, low-interest loans provided to individuals or small businesses, often in developing countries, to support entrepreneurship and economic development.

Dependency Ratio

The ratio of dependent (young and elderly) population to the working-age population, indicating the level of support required for dependents.

Intervening Obstacle

A barrier or hurdle that hinders migration from one place to another.

Intervening Opportunity

A favorable factor or opportunity that encourages migration and may interrupt the intended migration route.

Push Factor

A negative or undesirable condition or circumstance in a person's current location that motivates them to migrate elsewhere.

Pull Factor

A positive or attractive condition or opportunity in a destination location that attracts migrants.

Forced Migration

Migration that occurs when individuals are compelled to move due to factors such as conflict, persecution, or natural disasters.

Voluntary Migration

Migration that occurs by choice, often for economic, social, or personal reasons.

Chain Migration

The process whereby one migrant's successful relocation to a destination encourages others from their home region to follow suit.

Step Migration

A series of smaller migrations that eventually lead to a person's destination, often involving several intermediate stops.

Refugee

A person who has been forced to flee their home country because of persecution, conflict, or a well-founded fear of harm.

Internally Displaced Person

A person who has been forced to flee their home but remains within the borders of their own country.

Asylum Seeker

A person who seeks refuge and protection in another country, often due to persecution or danger in their home country.

Guest Worker

A foreign worker who is temporarily employed in another country, often for specific jobs or labor shortages.

Remittance

Money sent by migrants working in another country back to their home country to support their families.

Transhumance

Seasonal migration of herders and their livestock between highland and lowland areas in search of pasture and resources.

More Developed Country

A country with a high level of industrialization, wealth, and infrastructure.

Less Developed Country

A country with lower levels of industrialization, income, and human development compared to more developed countries.