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Self Strengthening Movement

Chinese reform movement that aimed to modernize by adopting Western military technology and education.

Urbanization

The shift from rural to urban living, often resulting from industrialization.

Luddites

Workers who protested against industrialization by destroying machinery that threatened their jobs.

Muhammad Ali Pasha

The governor of Egypt who initiated modernizing reforms, including military and industrial advancements.

Tanzimat Reforms

A series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire aimed at modernization and westernization between 1839 and 1876.

Suez Canal

A canal connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, completed in 1869, facilitating trade.

Prostitution in Urban Areas

A social issue arising during rapid urbanization, with the establishment of red-light districts.

Social Mobility

The ability for individuals to move up or down the socio-economic ladder, often seen in the emergence of a middle class.

Collective Bargaining

The process in which workers negotiate contracts with employers regarding wages and working conditions.

Trade Unions

Organizations formed by workers to protect their rights and interests, often advocating for better pay and conditions.

Absolute Monarchy

A form of government where the monarch has absolute power and is not bound by laws or constitutions.

Census

A count of the population used for tax registration and representation.

Corporal Punishment

Physical punishment for wrongdoing, which was limited as a result of the Tanzimat reforms.

Grand Vizier

The prime minister in the Ottoman Empire, second to the Sultan.

Concessions

Agreements that allow foreign nations to extract resources or profit from a country, often leading to economic imperialism.

Arab Renaissance (Nahda)

Cultural revival in the Arab world during the 19th and early 20th centuries, focused on education and nationalism.

Scientific Racism

The misuse of scientific theories to justify racial discrimination and imperialist policies.

Social Darwinism

A theory that applies the concept of 'survival of the fittest' to social and political issues, often used to justify imperialism.

Meiji Restoration

A period of modernization and westernization in Japan beginning in 1868 that led to the end of the Tokugawa shogunate.

Open Door Policy

A U.S. policy that aimed to ensure equal trade opportunities in China for all countries.

Russo-Japanese War

A conflict between Russia and Japan (1904-1905) over imperial ambitions in Korea and Manchuria, resulting in Japan's victory.

Boxer Rebellion

An anti-foreign uprising in China (1899-1901) aimed at expelling foreign influence and missionaries.

European Imperialism in Africa

The late 19th-century scramble by European powers to colonize Africa, driven largely by economic interests.

Berlin Conference

A meeting of European powers in 1884-1885 to lay down rules for the colonization of Africa.

Imperial Japan

Japan's emergence as a colonial power, particularly after its victory in the Russo-Japanese War.

Bismarckian Diplomacy

Otto von Bismarck's approach to foreign policy emphasizing pragmatic and realpolitik strategies.

Women's Suffrage Movement

The campaign for women to gain the right to vote, marked by key figures like Emmeline Pankhurst.

The Great Trek

Boer migration away from British control in the 1830s, leading to the establishment of Boer republics.

Imperialism

The policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization or military force.

Proletariat

The working class in Marxist theory, considered to be oppressed by the bourgeoisie.

Bourgeoisie

The capitalist class that owns most of society's wealth and means of production.

Labor Protests

Organized movements by workers to demand better wages and working conditions.

Collective Bargaining Rights

Legal rights of workers to negotiate with employers as a group.

Muhammad Ali's Reforms

Initiatives by Muhammad Ali to modernize Egypt, including military and economic enhancements.

Boer War

Conflicts between British forces and Boer settlers in South Africa, resulting in British colonial control.

American Empire

The period of American expansion and colonialism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalized news reporting aimed at increasing sales, notably used during the Spanish-American War.

USS Maine

An American battleship whose sinking in Havana Harbor contributed to the outbreak of the Spanish-American War.

Platt Amendment

A 1901 amendment that outlined the role of the U.S. in Cuba post-Spanish-American War.

The Treaty of Paris 1898

The treaty that ended the Spanish-American War, ceding Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to the U.S.

Philippine Insurrection

A nationalist revolt against U.S. control following the Spanish-American War.

Nationalism

A strong identification with and pride in one's nation, often leading to a desire for self-determination.

Capitalism

An economic system characterized by private ownership of production and operation for profit.

Marxism

The political and economic theories of Karl Marx, advocating for a classless society.

Bolsheviks vs. Mensheviks

The two factions within the Russian Social Democratic Party, differing in their approach to revolution.

Okhrana

The secret police under Tsar Nicholas II, known for its repressive measures against dissent.

Duma

The legislative assembly in the Russian Empire established after the 1905 Revolution.

Taiping Rebellion

A massive civil war in China (1850-1864) against the Qing dynasty, driven by social and economic grievances.

Gunboat Diplomacy

Diplomatic practice involving the use or threat of military force to achieve foreign policy goals.

Naval Arms Race

The competition between nations to build powerful navies, particularly before World War I.

Totalitarianism

A political system where the state holds total authority over society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life.

Ems Telegram

A communication that led to escalating tensions between France and Prussia, contributing to the Franco-Prussian War.

Bessemer Process

A method for mass-producing steel by removing impurities, which revolutionized the steel industry.

Second Industrial Revolution

The period of rapid industrial growth in the late 19th and early 20th centuries marked by technological advancements.

Telegraph

A communication system that allows for the transmission of messages over long distances using electrical signals.

Internal Combustion Engine

An engine that derives power from fuel combusted inside the engine, crucial for automotive development.

Suburbanization

The growth of areas on the fringes of urban centers as people moved out of cities.

Mass Production

The manufacturing of large quantities of standardized products, often utilizing assembly lines.

Social Reform Movements

Movements aimed at making gradual changes in society for the improvement of social issues.

Scientific Management

A theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows for efficiency.

Feminism

The advocacy for women's rights on the basis of political, social, and economic equality to men.

Cultural Nationalism

Nationalism that emphasizes shared culture, language, and heritage as a basis for national identity.

Imperialism vs. Colonialism

Imperialism is the broader policy of extending a nation's authority, while colonialism involves settling and governing overseas territories.

Environmental Impact of Industrialization

The detrimental effects on the natural environment resulting from rapid industrial growth.

Marx's Communist Manifesto

A political pamphlet that advocates for class struggle and revolution to overthrow capitalist systems.