Biology - Grade 10

Organelle

Specific structure that carries out a specific function

Prokaryotic Cells

Very small and do not contain membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotic Cells…

Larger and contain membrane bound organelles

What is Cell Theory?

All living things are made of cells. All cells came from pre-existing cells. The cell is the smallest functional unit (basic building block) of living things.

Compound light microscopes…

magnify in stages using multiple lenses

Transmission electron microscopes…

Electrons are transmitted through specimen Gives a 2D image magnified 100 000 x

Scanning electron microscope

Electrons beamed onto surface of the specimen

Cell Membrane

Separates and protects the cell from surroundings/ Chooses what enters/exits (selectively permeable)

Cell Wall

Plants only. Surrounds cell membrane. Strong & Rigid. Provides support to cell.

Cytosol/Cytoplasm

Gelatinous substance that carries out chemical reactions and supports/suspends organelles.

Nucleus

Controls cell activities, contains DNA

Nucleolus

Produces ribosomes

Nucleoplasm

Gelatinous substance that contains DNA (chromatin)

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Processes & Transports proteins. Studded with ribosomes

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Makes lipids & steroids. Performs carbohydrate metabolism and breaks down drugs/toxins in liver. Stores and releases calcium.

Ribosomes

Builds and packages proteins.

Golgi Body

Modifies, stores and transports RER proteins and SER fats.

Vacuoles

Stores macromolecules & harmful substances. Presses against cell wall to keep firm.

Lysosomes

Animals and sometimes plants. Digestive enzymes.

Mitochondria

Completes cellular respiration (Breaks down glucose to produce ATP)

Chloroplasts

In plants. Performs photosynthesis.

Cytoskeleton

Network of fibers that provides support and structure and which permitsthe movement in cell.

Phases of cell cycle

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

Why do cells divide?

Growth (increase # of cells), Repair (Repair damaged or old cells), Reproduction (Make exact copies).

Interphase

Cell repair, energy buildup, preperation for division.

Mitosis + Cytokinesis

Cell divides into two identical daughter cells

A cell spends __ of its time in interphase

90%

G1

Cells grow, new proteins and organelles are made

S

DNA is replicated

G2

Cells prepare for division

Mitosis phases

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Cytokinesis

Process that divides the cytoplasm of the parent cell

Chromosones

Hereditary information. In nucleus, 23 pairs in human cells.

Prophase

Chromatin condenses, chromosomes pair up into sister chromatids. Centrioles move towards the poles. Nucleolus disappears and nuclear membrane breaks down.

Metaphase

Spindle fibers attach to each centromere and chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.

Anaphase

Spindle fibers shorten, centromere splits. Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. Daughter chromosomes are pulled by spindle fibers.

Telophase/Cytokinesis

Spindle fibres disappear, chromosomes unwind and reform chromatin. Nuclear membrane reforms. Cell membrane pinches inwards, cytoplasm splits in half and daughter cells return to interphase.

Go Phase

Cells stop dividing (ie: brain cells)

Necrosis

Cell death due to external factors.

Aptosis

Controlled cell death; Cell suicide

Cancer

Cells that undergo uncontrolled mitosis and divide without limit (a normal, healthy cell undergoes 50-60 divisions)

Tumor Effects

Reduces effectiveness of the surrouning.

Cellular differentiation

The process of creating specialized cells

All cells originate from..

The zygote undergoing

What Causes Specialization?

Cytoplasm Differences, Environmental Conditions, Neighbouring Cells

Stem Cells

Cells that can differentiate into many different cell types

Embryonic/Pluripotent Stem Cells

Differentiates into any cell type

Adult Stem Cells

Exists in some tissues but can only form specific types of cells.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Start of adult cells and are induced in a lab to become pluripotent

4 general tissue types

Epithelial, Muscular, Connective, Nervous

Epithelial

Line the internal and external surfaces of the body. Form a barrier by connecting adjoining cell membranes

Muscular

Move the body or organ by contracting or relaxing.

Connective

Strengthens, supports and protects other tissues. In an extracellular matrix.

Nervous

Made of neurons with long projections that send or receive signals. Coordinates body actions.

Squamous Epithelial

Flat cells in sheets. Barrier in between inside and outside of body.

Columnar Epithelia

Columns of cells in the small intestine, stomach and glands. Secretes mucus, absorbs or releases materials.

Skeletal Muscle

Cells lined up together (striated/striped). Attached to bone to move body consciously. Found in limbs, abdomen and back.

Smooth Muscle

Cells are tapered but not striated. Found in blood vessels, esophagus and stomach. Contract slowly for a long period. Non conscious movement.

Cardiac Muscle

Contract as a single unit. Found only in heart. Unevenly striated and branched.

Cartilage

Extracellular matrix of collagen. Precursor to bone formation. Grows as animal ages. Cushions joints to ease movement and absorb impacts.

Bone

Cells surrounded by calcium-hardened tissue. For movement, protection and support.

Adipose

Large, Tightly packed cells found under skin and organs. Provides insulation and padding. Used to store energy.

Blood

Transports nutrients and gasses. Forms a barrier (clot) when skin is cut. Fights invaders (bacteria, viruses). Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets in a liquid called plasma.

Circulatory System Functions

Transports nutrients and oxygen to the body cells for cellular respiration. Removes wastes and carbon dioxide from the cells, from cellular respiration and other cellular processes.

Components of the circulatory system:

Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood

Heart

Cardiac muscle causes the heart to contract as one unit. Epithelial tissue lines the inside and outside of the heart to protect it from friction.

Types of blood vessels

Arteries, Veins, Capillaries

Arteries

Carry blood away from heart

Veins

Carry blood towards heart

Capillaries

Surround each body cell. Allows oxygen and nutrients to enter cells. Connects arteries and veins.

Types of tissues in blood vessels

Smooth muscle, connective tissue, endothelium

Components of blood

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma

Red blood cells

Transports oxygen to cells

White blood cells

Recognize and destroy foreign microbes

Platelets

Cell fragments involved with blood clotting

Plasma

Protein-rich liquid that carries blood cells.

Respiratory System Functions

Provides oxygen needed by the body for cellular respiration. Removes carbon dioxide from the body (waste from cellular respiration).

Components of respiratory system

Mouth & nose, Trachea, lungs, diaphragm

Trachea

Air from mouth and nose pass through trachea. Cartilaginous rings keep in open. Lined with ciliated epithelium (which beat to move mucus and foreign debris away from lungs).

Lungs

Non-muscular organ filled with aveoli.

Aveoli

Small air sacs surrounded by capilleries.

Diaphragm

Dome-shaped muscle attached to bottom lungs

Digestive system function

To take food into the body, break it down into smaller piece, and absorb its nutrients into the body. To excrete solid waste.

Digestive system components

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines (villi and microvilli), large intestines

Mouth

Breaks down food. Saliva produced by epithelial tissue.

Esophagus

Smooth muscle contracts and relaxes to push down food to stomach.

Stomach

Stores food. Smooth muscle contracts to mix food with digestive juices.

Small Intestines

Digestion and then absorption of nutrients through villi and microvilli - absorbed into capillaries for cellular respiration.

Large intestines

Water reabsorbed into body. Soli matter excreted as feces from anus.

Homeostasis

The tendency of an organism to maintain a steady state condition (range of physical and chemical conditions required for he body to operate).

Interactions of systems

Oxygen moves from air in respiratory system to blood in circulatory system. Carbon dioxide moves from blood to air (in lungs). Nutrients move from food in digestive system from villi and microvilli to the blood through capillaries in circulatory system. Oxygen and nutrients move from circulatory system (capillaries) into body cells for cellular respiration. Carbon dioxide from cellular respiration and wastes move from body cells into circulatory system (capillaries).

Role of each system in cellular respiration

Respiratory system - brings oxygen to mitochondria, removes carbon dioxide as waste. Digestive System brings nutrients (glucose) to mitochondria. Circulatory system - transportation.

Meristematic Cells

Unspecialized - divide and differentiate into specialized tissues.

Dermal Tissue

Forms outermost layer of a plant. Epidermis can be specialized; Epidermal root cells can form root hairs to absorb water and minerals. Epidermal leaf cells produce a waxy, waterproof cuticle.

Types of vascular tissue

Xylem, Phloem

Xylem

Transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves.

Phloem

Transports a sugar solution from the leaves to the roots.

Ground tissue

Located between the dermal and vascular tissue, performs a variety of functions (ex: photosynthesis, food and water storage, structural support.)

Plant systems

Root system and shoot system.

Root functions

Anchorage, Absorption, Storage