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Organelle
Specific structure that carries out a specific function
Prokaryotic Cells
Very small and do not contain membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic Cells…
Larger and contain membrane bound organelles
What is Cell Theory?
All living things are made of cells. All cells came from pre-existing cells. The cell is the smallest functional unit (basic building block) of living things.
Compound light microscopes…
magnify in stages using multiple lenses
Transmission electron microscopes…
Electrons are transmitted through specimen Gives a 2D image magnified 100 000 x
Scanning electron microscope
Electrons beamed onto surface of the specimen
Cell Membrane
Separates and protects the cell from surroundings/ Chooses what enters/exits (selectively permeable)
Cell Wall
Plants only. Surrounds cell membrane. Strong & Rigid. Provides support to cell.
Cytosol/Cytoplasm
Gelatinous substance that carries out chemical reactions and supports/suspends organelles.
Nucleus
Controls cell activities, contains DNA
Nucleolus
Produces ribosomes
Nucleoplasm
Gelatinous substance that contains DNA (chromatin)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Processes & Transports proteins. Studded with ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Makes lipids & steroids. Performs carbohydrate metabolism and breaks down drugs/toxins in liver. Stores and releases calcium.
Ribosomes
Builds and packages proteins.
Golgi Body
Modifies, stores and transports RER proteins and SER fats.
Vacuoles
Stores macromolecules & harmful substances. Presses against cell wall to keep firm.
Lysosomes
Animals and sometimes plants. Digestive enzymes.
Mitochondria
Completes cellular respiration (Breaks down glucose to produce ATP)
Chloroplasts
In plants. Performs photosynthesis.
Cytoskeleton
Network of fibers that provides support and structure and which permitsthe movement in cell.
Phases of cell cycle
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
Why do cells divide?
Growth (increase # of cells), Repair (Repair damaged or old cells), Reproduction (Make exact copies).
Interphase
Cell repair, energy buildup, preperation for division.
Mitosis + Cytokinesis
Cell divides into two identical daughter cells
A cell spends __ of its time in interphase
90%
G1
Cells grow, new proteins and organelles are made
S
DNA is replicated
G2
Cells prepare for division
Mitosis phases
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Cytokinesis
Process that divides the cytoplasm of the parent cell
Chromosones
Hereditary information. In nucleus, 23 pairs in human cells.
Prophase
Chromatin condenses, chromosomes pair up into sister chromatids. Centrioles move towards the poles. Nucleolus disappears and nuclear membrane breaks down.
Metaphase
Spindle fibers attach to each centromere and chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.
Anaphase
Spindle fibers shorten, centromere splits. Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. Daughter chromosomes are pulled by spindle fibers.
Telophase/Cytokinesis
Spindle fibres disappear, chromosomes unwind and reform chromatin. Nuclear membrane reforms. Cell membrane pinches inwards, cytoplasm splits in half and daughter cells return to interphase.
Go Phase
Cells stop dividing (ie: brain cells)
Necrosis
Cell death due to external factors.
Aptosis
Controlled cell death; Cell suicide
Cancer
Cells that undergo uncontrolled mitosis and divide without limit (a normal, healthy cell undergoes 50-60 divisions)
Tumor Effects
Reduces effectiveness of the surrouning.
Cellular differentiation
The process of creating specialized cells
All cells originate from..
The zygote undergoing
What Causes Specialization?
Cytoplasm Differences, Environmental Conditions, Neighbouring Cells
Stem Cells
Cells that can differentiate into many different cell types
Embryonic/Pluripotent Stem Cells
Differentiates into any cell type
Adult Stem Cells
Exists in some tissues but can only form specific types of cells.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Start of adult cells and are induced in a lab to become pluripotent
4 general tissue types
Epithelial, Muscular, Connective, Nervous
Epithelial
Line the internal and external surfaces of the body. Form a barrier by connecting adjoining cell membranes
Muscular
Move the body or organ by contracting or relaxing.
Connective
Strengthens, supports and protects other tissues. In an extracellular matrix.
Nervous
Made of neurons with long projections that send or receive signals. Coordinates body actions.
Squamous Epithelial
Flat cells in sheets. Barrier in between inside and outside of body.
Columnar Epithelia
Columns of cells in the small intestine, stomach and glands. Secretes mucus, absorbs or releases materials.
Skeletal Muscle
Cells lined up together (striated/striped). Attached to bone to move body consciously. Found in limbs, abdomen and back.
Smooth Muscle
Cells are tapered but not striated. Found in blood vessels, esophagus and stomach. Contract slowly for a long period. Non conscious movement.
Cardiac Muscle
Contract as a single unit. Found only in heart. Unevenly striated and branched.
Cartilage
Extracellular matrix of collagen. Precursor to bone formation. Grows as animal ages. Cushions joints to ease movement and absorb impacts.
Bone
Cells surrounded by calcium-hardened tissue. For movement, protection and support.
Adipose
Large, Tightly packed cells found under skin and organs. Provides insulation and padding. Used to store energy.
Blood
Transports nutrients and gasses. Forms a barrier (clot) when skin is cut. Fights invaders (bacteria, viruses). Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets in a liquid called plasma.
Circulatory System Functions
Transports nutrients and oxygen to the body cells for cellular respiration. Removes wastes and carbon dioxide from the cells, from cellular respiration and other cellular processes.
Components of the circulatory system:
Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood
Heart
Cardiac muscle causes the heart to contract as one unit. Epithelial tissue lines the inside and outside of the heart to protect it from friction.
Types of blood vessels
Arteries, Veins, Capillaries
Arteries
Carry blood away from heart
Veins
Carry blood towards heart
Capillaries
Surround each body cell. Allows oxygen and nutrients to enter cells. Connects arteries and veins.
Types of tissues in blood vessels
Smooth muscle, connective tissue, endothelium
Components of blood
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma
Red blood cells
Transports oxygen to cells
White blood cells
Recognize and destroy foreign microbes
Platelets
Cell fragments involved with blood clotting
Plasma
Protein-rich liquid that carries blood cells.
Respiratory System Functions
Provides oxygen needed by the body for cellular respiration. Removes carbon dioxide from the body (waste from cellular respiration).
Components of respiratory system
Mouth & nose, Trachea, lungs, diaphragm
Trachea
Air from mouth and nose pass through trachea. Cartilaginous rings keep in open. Lined with ciliated epithelium (which beat to move mucus and foreign debris away from lungs).
Lungs
Non-muscular organ filled with aveoli.
Aveoli
Small air sacs surrounded by capilleries.
Diaphragm
Dome-shaped muscle attached to bottom lungs
Digestive system function
To take food into the body, break it down into smaller piece, and absorb its nutrients into the body. To excrete solid waste.
Digestive system components
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines (villi and microvilli), large intestines
Mouth
Breaks down food. Saliva produced by epithelial tissue.
Esophagus
Smooth muscle contracts and relaxes to push down food to stomach.
Stomach
Stores food. Smooth muscle contracts to mix food with digestive juices.
Small Intestines
Digestion and then absorption of nutrients through villi and microvilli - absorbed into capillaries for cellular respiration.
Large intestines
Water reabsorbed into body. Soli matter excreted as feces from anus.
Homeostasis
The tendency of an organism to maintain a steady state condition (range of physical and chemical conditions required for he body to operate).
Interactions of systems
Oxygen moves from air in respiratory system to blood in circulatory system. Carbon dioxide moves from blood to air (in lungs). Nutrients move from food in digestive system from villi and microvilli to the blood through capillaries in circulatory system. Oxygen and nutrients move from circulatory system (capillaries) into body cells for cellular respiration. Carbon dioxide from cellular respiration and wastes move from body cells into circulatory system (capillaries).
Role of each system in cellular respiration
Respiratory system - brings oxygen to mitochondria, removes carbon dioxide as waste. Digestive System brings nutrients (glucose) to mitochondria. Circulatory system - transportation.
Meristematic Cells
Unspecialized - divide and differentiate into specialized tissues.
Dermal Tissue
Forms outermost layer of a plant. Epidermis can be specialized; Epidermal root cells can form root hairs to absorb water and minerals. Epidermal leaf cells produce a waxy, waterproof cuticle.
Types of vascular tissue
Xylem, Phloem
Xylem
Transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves.
Phloem
Transports a sugar solution from the leaves to the roots.
Ground tissue
Located between the dermal and vascular tissue, performs a variety of functions (ex: photosynthesis, food and water storage, structural support.)
Plant systems
Root system and shoot system.
Root functions
Anchorage, Absorption, Storage