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Self Strengthening Movement:

Effects of the industrial revolution:

From rural to urban quick. From agrarian to industry.. These cities werent quite ready for all this urbanization. Issues w urbanization, lots of pollution and smog and the air quality is horrible and dumping stuff in the rivers. There is no sewage system or cleaning system so its very very dirty and no trash services. Urban anonymous, in rural areas there are people that know you everywhere but in urban areas you dont know everybody because so big. This allowed for crimes becuase you could easily get away with crime. Also big issues with prostitution, a lot of red light districts and it is a norm. Women who would want to get a little extra money could do it because of urban amenity. There is some aspect of social mobility and there is an emergence of a middle class and there is access to education maybe not to school but some education. People who read on their own because of books. The middle class is pretty small though because the divide between wealthy and poor is pretty big. 

Trains;

Made by george stephenson who realized that you could put steam engine on a locomotive that is coal powered. But they also need railroads. The first railway is in 1825 in england. Not cheap and very labor intensive. This means that factories can be anywhere, this lets europe and the US to also achieve the industrial revolution. This also allows for the quicker selling of goods, can also ship goods anywhere. 

Labor protests:

Luddites, their boss buys a bunch of machinery to replace their jobs so they sneak in and break the machinery so they are to be punished because property is protected by law. These guys are hanged and killed. Smashed machinery.  This is how labor protests emerge. Trade union is a group of workers in the same industry that advocate for their rights like higher pay , safer working conditions, like that. They have power by a lot of them and being able to strike. This is collective bargaining, they kinda control the company, in theory. But back then the right to use collective bargaining is not protected by the state and at times are outlawed. A boss can higher a scab who is a worker used to replace other workers. Orr the police and military can make them go back to work, or die. Many workers viewed socialism(regulates economy) as a solution. 

The Middle East and the Industrial Revolution

Egypt:

British replace the french and leave in 1803 the british encourage the ottoman’s to pardon the mamluk nobility so they dont pardon them. So they send someone to rule egypt again, Muhammad Ali Pasha, he is ethnically albanian and was born in macedonia(in italy). He has a  personal army in macedonia that are loyal to him that he trained but they send him to egypt. The egyptian gov,mamluk turks, is being revolted against the people select muhammad ali as the ruler and the sultan confirms selection after a month of revolt against the mamluks. The mamluks have ruled for like 800 years and aren't cool with it. Muhammad ali invites the key mamluke to dinner in cairo and has his soldiers kills all of them. They go on rampage through cairo killing anyone suspected of being a mamluk and supporting them. Brings mamluk rule of egypt to an end muhammad ali’s family and descendants is going to rule in egypt until 1952. 

Muhammad Ali Pasha’s rule:

Reform movement, he is attempting to modernize egypt by pushing them through the industrial revolution. He wants the modern weapons in the enlightenment, like single shot muskets and aritllary. He wants this to be strong and powerful he wants a trained conscripted(forced to serve for certain amount of time- nationalism drives people to do it) national army. He steals the conscripted national armies idea from europe as well, during the age of absolutism. He also invests in Egypt’s cotton industry, not only grow it but also ship it to britain and europe. He wants to copy europe. He also brings war to the Wahhabi movement(very conservative view of islam and the quran by word, they were mad at ottomans for allowing sufism which is kinda mysticism). According to wahhab, you can kill a muslim if they arents following the correct interpretation of islam and the quran. Wahhab teams up with the saud family and forms the saudi state. Muhammad ali pasha end the wahhab movement in 1818 . they take abdullah ibn saud and behead him at the main gate of the Hagia Sophia and the body is left at on display because it shows the strength of the ottomans and does it for them. He is also looking to expand the egypt state and empire into syria(northeast). Ths brought him into conflict witht the ottomans because they dont want him expanding but his troops were stronger and more disciplined than the ottomans so he beat them and captures the Grand vizier(sultan’s helper or left hand man of the ottomans empire). They make a compromise, he returns the granvizier and he has to go back to egypt but h the ottomans are forced to let his family rule egypt and his family rules until 1952 he is also able to rule sudan. 

Algeria(part of the ottoman empire in north africa):

Is an ottoman province and is far from istanbul so they have local autonomy, they are ruled by ottoman military elite and they elected a leader from their ranks and called the leader dey. They dey provided grain on credit(had to be payed back) for french campaigns in italy and egypt(1793-1798). By 1827 the french have not payed algeria back at all for all of the grain. The dey is annoyed that the cost of grain hasnt been paid back yet so the dey strikes the French consul with a fly whisk and severly disrespects the consul and all of france by doing this in a private meeting. The thing is that there are only two stories bc both in there. French consul says that the dey just hit him without any reason and the dey said that the consul talked smach and derogatory towards islam. French honor at stake by doind this and by 1830 troops are sent to algeria and the invade and impose the algerian dey. So now the french control the northern part of algeria and not southern part bc southern part is the saharan desert. 

Abd al-Qadir:

Descendant of Muhammad(guy who founded islam) and is also the son of the leader of a prominent sufi order in algeria. This gives him a lot of legitimacy already. He formed a guerilla movement against french occupation in algeria. He sees that france controls the cities but not the deserts so hew thought to draw them into the interior(desert of algeria) by attacking cities then running back into the deserts, leading the french army into the middle of the desert, away from their supplies in the cities and they overextended and easy to knock out.  This move to take algeria was not really popular in france(half okay with taking algeria and other half of french are against it). Al-qadir are reading the french newspaper and sees parliament arguing on whether its worth the cost of fighting the algerians. So he knows that he just needs to make this war as costly as possible and eventually they will retreat and be defeated. He just needs to make war unpopular so that parliament just gives up.

French conquest of algeria:

In 1841 france deploys new force headed by general bugeaud, his plan is that all algerians are opps and he destroys all the villages and tears them up and kills the innocent men children and women. Bugeaud says to all the algerains to stop supporting al-qadir if they want him to stop destroying all these villages. In the guerilla camps there are soldiers and families. The french follow them into the caves but instead they decide to put a massive fire at the beginning of the cave so they cant breath. He commits a bunch of war crimes and does all the this and eventually al-qadir gives up and and is sent to france an exiled. By 1847- 110k french people settle in algeria because thats when he retreats. In 1848- the frenchmen living in algeria re able to elect members to the french parliament. In 1870-250k french settlers-formally annexed to france. Algiers is not a french colony, it was a part of france.this annex of algeria Kicks off race to colonize africa by other euro countries.

The Ottoman Empire and the industrial revolution:

A desire for reforms:

absolute monarchy(sultan). It local governments he gives governors or deys. There are no enlightened principles in quran. There is no division of powers- all held by the sultan. The think that if they promote enlightenment then this will promote and encourage people to learn and may cause the industrial revolution, need smart people to make machines and stuff. In the arab world, newspapers were unheard of, not in france. They also have a desire for modern technologies, steam ships, telegraphs, railways, and modern weapons. The only way they can get it rn is if they buy it from euro countries, meaning that the euro countries control ottomans. But due to local autonomy it is hard to enforce taxes (dont tax every citizen) on the states so it is not as available to buy from these euro countries. The subjects are concerned about local rulers extravagance. Called for elected bodies.they believe that all euro advances after the renaissance were due to medieval islam’s progress in sciences under the abbasid. 

Tanzimat Reforms

“Reordinering” between 1839-1876 when the want to catch up to euro advancements. Transform the state into a constitutional monarchy with an industrialized. Goal was to protect itself from internal and external threats(the wahabs and also basically all of euro plus russia) in addition to winning euro support. They want to get support because basically everyone else wants to expand into the ottoman’s land but they believe if they industrialize then they will survive. They want to swap from agrarian to industrial. They were outstrength because everyone else had national conscripted armies instead of janissaries plus they had flintlock muskets. The only country that the ottomans convince to support them are the British and United Kingdom. Russia is big imperial power and are big enemy of the ottomans because they want to spread into ottoman empire they really want constantinople aka the turkish straits which are very strategic and important, russia wants all of the black sea but to do that they have to have the turkish straits. Russia is expnading south, east and wants west as well. British dont like russia because concerned theyll get india but british doesnt want that. British has strongest navy and if russia has turkish striats then theyll get a lot of power. The goal for ottoman governance is to expand istanbul’s power to the local villages and eliminate local autonomy, controlling their empire. 

(the sultan gives these decrees)Three Tanzimat Decrees:

1.1839

1. “Security for life, honor, and property”(enlightened ideas.)

2. (this is an attempt and doesn't work) System for collecting taxes

I.census needed to count all the people in the empire(first time ever)

II. Land registry(gotta go and register ur land bc the gov gotta know whats ur property so that they can protect it and to know how much to tax you)

(People dont really want these)

3. Regular conscription and fixed terms of service(they dont wanna join the military)

These are rejected by the subjects, people avoid the census and avoid registering lands.

2. 1856

1. Corporal punishment curbed(very limited)/torture is abolished

2. Annual budget that could be viewed by the public

3. Modern banking system(most dont trust the banking system)

4. Push for Public works such as roads and canals will be built, cant do bc not enough $

3. 1876

1. constitution(now constitutional monarchy)

1. Sultan made the figure head

2. Grand vizier becomes the head of the state.

ISSUEs with Modernization (tanzimat reforms):

Failure to generate revenue meant middle eastern modernization was tied to european capital.

Concessions, the ottomans cant afford to borrow money and return it so they give something to the euro states for money. They let euro company build a railroad in ottoman empire and 45 of the profits from the railroad go to company and 55 goes to the ottomans. A concession is sm they give these euro companies permission to do things inside of the ottoman empire and they get a certain amount of the profits. This happens all across the ottoman empire. The most famous example of this is the Suez Canal, connects the mediterranean and the red sea. This cuts travel time almost in half for a lot of countries. It is made by the Suez company which is a french company and a majority of the stock shares are owned by Egypt. Even if it is a french company, Egypt has more say in decisions because they own the most amount of shares. But for this they gave all the land along the canal to the French company and promised the French free labor to dig the canal. The British protests- so egypt has to pay france 33 million to buy back  all the land and cover the cost of no longer offering laborers, basically instead of giving them stuff they pay money to do this stuff. The problem is that egypt does not have 33 million. The canal is finished in 1869. Other investments-gaslighting,paved roads, public Gardens in cairo. Basically just makes cairo all fancy. By 1875, the ottomans declare bankruptcy.egypt- sells shares in the suez company to UK( only recovering 22 mil of the 88 million cost[cost 88 to build but only got 22]) This means Suez canal is now owned by the british.  

Military riot by arab officers in protest of turkish control of the military positions britain to occupy the country in 1882. Militaries is officers, commissioned(do rotc and is a piece of paper to get a pass to skip the lower ranks) and non commissioned(guys who didnt get commision and start at the bottom rank) ,and enlisted personnel. Only the turkish are given commissions and are able to get the rank of second lieutenant which means you get more power and money and respect but the arabs dont get any commissions and dont have as much equality. The arabs revolt against the turkish and this scares britain bc they might also try to revolt against britain. So they occupy the country in 1882. The king of egypt is kinda okay with this because he still has some sovereignty and would rather not be invaded and killed basically no other choice. Concessions were supposed to bring about modernization but instead bring about economic imperialism which leads to colonization of egypt. 

Tanzimat is a failure. Cuz all industry is controlled by euro states. 

Other effects:

Nahda, this is the arab renaissance or enlightenment.this is in the second hald of the 19th century. The biggest thing of this is the Al-Ahram which is an arab newspaper published out of Cairo. Political power now comes from the people so now people need to become educated so the newspaper is attempting to educate them. This was published in 1876 and Cairo became the publishing center. This leads to a concept of Arab nationalism, which has never happened before. If people back then were asked their identity, they would answer with their town or region. The arabs have never thought of an only arab state but now they want an arab only state. The Arab newspapers call for the unity of the Arab world. Feminism in the Middle East begins to emerge. French soldiers treated Egyptian women as equals(more equal than only harem) under Napolean’s French occupation. In 1890s, argument emerges that a national struggle for independence needed to start with improving the position of women in society, the believed that half of the arab world would not mobilize and be active in this movement against euro imperialism if they kept the women in the harems. Arab nationalism becomes tied to Arab feminism. 

Slavery:

Britian and France puts pressure on the Ottomans to outlaw slavery. Slavery is not forbidden in the quran so going against the quran loses them all legitimacy. So they allow the continuation of the slave trade but they have to be black to be enslaved. 

Creation of the German Empire:

Otto Von Bismarck, the creator of modern day germany, he is also the prime minister of prussia under the constitutional monarchy- king wilhelm the first. He is neither a liberalist nor a nationalist. He is a realpolitik, politics of practicality not of ideology or morality. Does stuff for benefit. They believe the Constitution is not designed to subvert the interest of the states, political power should derive from the monarchy. “Unless we grow greater we shall become less.”- Dogma(belief system) of Prussia statesmen after the Napoleonic wars. Bismarck often acted without the approval of the legislature or the king, he basically acted like the autocrat. He talks a lot with the austrians to form germany. The austrains dont want this and it cant be resolved in peace so iy leads to war. Austro-Prussia War- austrians lose and now new german confederation is formed but bismarck still doesnt have full control so he starts the Franco Prussian War. A crisis is manufactured by Bismarck(war started from nothing). Ems Telegram, Napoleon 3 to King Willhelm 1. Bismarck takes it before getting to wilhelm, he edits is making it seem like napoleon is insulting wilhelm. He publishes it and now everyone against france. So this unites germany and invades france. The french military has built three city forts, verdun, Metz, sedan. They believed in levee en masse-  They send males to front line for the for the forts to get ready and save the best soldiers. General staff, generals who prepare for war during peace. The germans have the general staff. The germans invade with modern tech and a lot of soldiers very quickly, their generals devote their life to war so they are better than the france. They swarm the three forts and they march on paris and within the matter of weeks napoleon surrenders and the war is over in 1871. In 1871, second german reich delcared in the hall of mirrors in palace of versailles. The king, Wilhelm, is named Kaiser(Caesar). After 1871, the French really hated the germans. These wars caused to create germany and had nothing to do with any other states. In 1871 there is a constitution. The Kaiser's government is divided into two bodies, the government and the military that was led by the general staff. The government has the parliamentary system where executive power is held by the prime minister and legislative power held by the reichstag. The government has no say in the military. 

History of germany:

Their political process is inverted from the rest of Europe and ends feudalism first. They go from centralized to decentralized, this is why Germany is one of the last countries to be formed. When Napoleon invades, it ends the holy roman reich, this forces them to be like other euro countries. 

Second Industrial Revolution:

1870-1918?. U.S. and Germany outcompete Britain. Elcetricity, the chemical battery which is very big and bulky. Also thomas edison who came up with the light bulb, this was much safer than an open flame for light. Engines, the steam turbine which are very big and produce a lot of power and the titanic is an example. Coal was shoveled into the engines which made a lot of steam pressure. Another one was the internal combustion engine which allows for the development of cars, car were already invented but they were very expensive and were steam powered. In order ot have the internal combustion engines, you must have oil. The two largest oil fields back then were in texas and in russia. At this point, oil has not been discovered yet in the middle east(saudi arabia). Telegraph, uses morse code that uses electrical current over a line, making noises in morse code. It was invented in the first industrial revolution but isnt largely used until the second industrial revolution. Submarine telegraph cables are invented and they can communicate across continents. Telephone, Alexander Graham Bell invents it but it is not widely used quite yet. 

(main industry in the 2nd rev)Era of STeel:

Developments in the steel industry, is why people consider this a second phase of the industrial revolution. Steel was made in first revolution it just wasnt the main industry. The fundamental change is the Bessemer Process, henry bessemer finds out how to make steel with this process. Beforehand, air is blown through molten iron but the issue is that phodperous is left there so what henry does is to add limestone and then they siphon the molten iron. This process was discovered in 1870 in Birmingham, england. STart of the second industrial revolution. Carnegie goes to london and sees the bessemer process and goes back to pittsburg, PA and he starts making carnegie steel. Pittsburg is near west virginia where there is a large coal deposit. Carnegie own the largest steel company in the united states. Krupp steel works, the krupp family owns it and it is based in essen, germany. Essen is in ruhr(province in western germany) which has a lot of coal deposits. So industry in germany is based in essen and ruhr. These two outproduce britain because they have more coal deposits and larger population to sell to. By 1914: Germany produced twice as much steel as Britian and the US twice as much as Germnay. 

Multistory buildings and suspension bridges are started to be built because of steel

Increase in Population in Western World:

1870-1914. Ends bc of WW1. this goes from 295 to 450 million population. Declining birthrate but increase in population due to decreased infant mortality rate. The rate of children women are having goes down. The factor to this is because they go get education instead of having babies. Cause number two, choose to have fewer children because they live in cities and now have to pay for these children.  Birthrate goes down because go get education and living in cities. People are living longer meaning more people on the earth. What has allowed this to happen, a lot cleaner and sanitation. Also a more balanced diet than just eating bread back then. Before revolution it was, 50 but now it is about 90sum. More people are living longer meaning the population is increasing even though the birth rate is going down. Also what happens is the elimination of diseases such as cholera and typhus. The quality of life goes up big time. Have running water now so dont have to go get water from a river. 

The rise of Big Business:

Corporations, are businesses that are a legal entity of its own. It gets taxed and it can be sued, not the developer in the business but the corp itself. They also sell shares on the stock market. Its either privately owned or a corporation. Usually nationwide or global wide. If they gonna cross state boundaries or country boundaries, then they legally have to be a corporation. Monopolies, a business that has consolidated vast control over a certain industry or market. Control a certain industry or item. It is not always clearly defined, you just have to have no serious competitors and to where nobody else can compete in the industry. 

Methods:

 Vertical integration. horizontal integration, cartel/trusts. They have two meanings, they are named for monopolies, the second is an alliance of businesses and companies. Whole premise of free market capitalism is that the consumer has full choice. All companies decide to sell the market for $10 so now if sm1 wanted to buy a marker it was gonna be 10 no matter which company. The companies are forming a trust. Another reason why the form a trust, wages so now that the wages for a specific job are all very similar. Back then this was the case. Reasons was to set the price of a product or to set the wage of workers. Corporate espionage, company will hire an agent to break into offices of competition to steal secrets or to destroy things. Its not super illegal back then bc the government is for big business rather than the common man. Rockefellar is big time oil dude. He hires people to tear up pipeline of oil to get it for himself. Stock manipulation, manipulate the price of stock. Rcokefellar wants to buy out this oil company so he spreads rumors that the business is gonna be bankrupt so now people sell their stocks and now he can buy all the stocks cuz the price went so low. Not illegal back then. People were either filthy rich or either dirt poor. 

The works of Karl Marx:

He's from Germany and has a PhD in psychology, plus rumored that he was ethnically a jew. He is against capitalism. He is against assembly lines and against the division of labor. It decharacterizing work. Return to pride in worker’s work, should have pride in what you produce. Completely against use of machinery. He believes in the communist manifesto (line that starts with the less) that man’s work and be done by a woman. He is saying that work with machines has made work more girly. Can make an argument that all concepts of masculinity are destroyed because of machines and assembly lines. No man hood in capitalist society. The industrial revolution has deleted masculinity back then. Goes from manorialism to mercantilism to capitalism. According to Marx, All of history is described by class struggle. (communist manifesto). Written in 1848. He says everything in there is not just a theory and believes it is fact and that it is going to happen. The two modern classes are the proletariat and the bourgeoisie in the industrial revolution, the bourgeoisie has replaced the nobles and them. The proletariat will free themselves from the chains of their labor and go against the bourgeoisie and take them over. After they overthrow the bourgeoisie, they redistribute the wealth. In order to carry this out, there will be a temp “dictatorship of the proletariat”. He means that all the workers rule as one autocrat and carry out wealth through distribution. This is his theory. After this dictatorship they move to a society that was classless, stateless, and of communal ownership of property. Everything is owned by the people. There is no government and  no such thing as money all needs are taken care of. No need of state bc no money no crime bc no private property. Meaning no police force either. Be no classes, gender is equal, race is equal, ethnicity is equal. Everyone is equal. This is the theory of communism, not communism in practice. In practice, the state owns everything. Capital -work written by karl marx in 1867. He says that workers are denied their rightful share of the profits in capitalism. They go to the shareholders rather than the proletariats. Value of any manufactured item was determined by the amount of labor necessary to produce it. This was not how it worked, but this is marx’s theory. The workers have already been paid before they sell the things. Workers dont inherit any risk, they go find another job but the owner have to all the things. The bourgeoisie has all the risk in this business venture rather than the workers/ proletariat. They believe what marx is preaching bc they are being taken advantage of. 

The chinese citizens themselves, promoted the study of western science, technology, and law in an attempt to go through the enlightenment or the industrial revolution. They push for students to receive education in the west to later return to china. The problem is they dont have steel or and stuff and the things to build what they want. This is a wealthy citizen movement. 

Reforms of the Early 1900s:

Construction of railroad, debate whether to let euro companies to build these railroads but they dont let them. They adopt weapons from western, modernization of military. They create public education. All of this is too little too late bc they alr taken over by western powers. They also announce plans for the creation of constitutional regime, constitutional monarchy. This transition to a liberal government failed because they were not assisted by the west and then various warlords gained power.

British East India Company’s Expansion into India:

Technically still ruled under the mughal empire but really controlled by Hindu Princes or The british east india company. Calicut and bombay and the coast is under the company. Diplomacy or military, they give the princes the choice to be ruled under the company or they would be taken over. The private army of the british east india company is very powerful so no stopping them. They use the group of indians known as sepoys in their army. Indian men employed into gthe british east indians company to rule over india because there is no such thing as an indian national identity because separated between hinduism and islam. This leads to a mutiny. 

Indian mutiny 1857:

Not an independence movement. More than a mutiny but a lot less than a revolution. A mutiny is a revolt of soldiers against their captain, usually happens in the navy. What happens here has to do with modern technology. They give muskets to their sepoys which is better than what they had earlier. These muskets are snapshot muskets. The issue with these muskets are that, the oil or lard in it is from pigs or cows, which is against their religion. This ticks them off. These are religously impure to muslims and hindus so they have now violated their religion. This deeply upsets their sepoys. The british east india company didnt intentionally do this but they were culturally ignorant. One unit of the sepoys overthrow their commanders and the other units also do the same. They are not trying to make thor own country but they are angry that the companies have disrespected them. It's not all sepoys though. The revolt gets put down by the hindu princes and the company. It wasn't a move to independence, just saying they were mad. This completely ends the Mughal Empire, because now britain steps into india to make it a british colony. 

Effects of the Mutiny:

Government of india act of 1858 which makes india now a colony of britain. It created a secretary of state of india with an advisory council in london. In britain: queen-prime minister(exex and have cabinet as well does the queen)r- parliament. The secretary of state  of india is at the same level as the cabinet in london. But in india, there are the india governor general, and the viceroy of india. India was ruled by a governor general called a viceroy who reports back to the secretary of state of india in london. India governance was divided into a part controlled by the british government completely and there also 500-600 states ruled by a hindu or muslim prince, that are indirectly controlled by britain. The british would allow self rule in these native states if princes gave up right to manage external affairs and control of the military. It is a hybrid system of direct and indirect rule. Not much has changed bc similar to how the british east company ruled. The secretary and the viceroy ruled with caution and conservatism because they fear a revolt cuz they got like a billion people. India gets the nickname, “ the jewel in the crown” of the british empire. The colony most beneficial to their empire. This leads to an end to internal warfare. This also gives an opportunity of western education offered to indian men. They can now go to Britain and go to British universities. Paradoxical- they were only allowed into the lowest ranks in bureaucracy and military, dont let them get too much power in india or wtv but they are given more power in other british colonies. The british also build railroads in india but india does not go through the industrial revolution. 

British Rule:

Improvement in sanitation and medical facilities which led to a massive inccrease in population, better hygiene and people lived longer. Maybe isnt a good thing bc more than the food storage. Beyond food supply- which leads to massive starvation, a cycle of repetition in Indian history. The Indians were taxed highly by the British government. There is a sort of an Indian civil service system to get some sort of bureaucracy in India but it is meant for Englishmen, not indians. 

Justification for Imperialism

Doing for economic gain. These countries are also based on enlightenment, so they need to justify their rule bc they going against there ideas. 

White man’s Burden, term didnt exist until 1899/ before it was called civilizing mission. It is to upright not white groups to civilization. The western world does not view countries to be civilized unless they have gone through then enlightenment and the industrial revolution. They view they are civilizing these countries by taking them over, putting them into the light and making them seem cooler than anyone else. Cartoon on slide: Uncle sam(us), the red cross, john bull(uk), these two guys are carrying these not white groups to civilization over brutality, vice, ignorance, barbarism, slavery, cannibalism, superstition. They are carrying the colonies or spheres of evidence, like the chinese, ottomans, indians. They believe they are bringing them to civilization and they are actually carrying them through the industrial revolution. Ethnocentric and racism. 

Scientific racism:

Count Joseph Arthur de Gobineau, from France, came up with it. Race is hard to define, sometimes it can be the color of your skin but it is a social construct(sm that is constructed by man). Race does not naturally exist and absolute but they are not. Race can include, ethnicity, nationality, color of skin. It depends on how they can be identified. Race by definition doesnt make any sense at all. De Gobineau tries to apply science to race, this doesnt make sense bc it doenst apply to race. He writes a book called, Essay on the ineqaulity off the human races 1853-1855. In this he outlines four main racial groups; 1.africans-unintelligent and lazy, 2.asians-smart but docile and submissive, 3.Natives of the americas-dull and arrogant, 4.Europeans-intelligent,noble and morally superior. Therefore if the whites are the massive race, imperialism is justified cuz racially they are okay with what they are doing. 

Social Darwinism:

Charles Darwin wrote the Origin of Species 1859. Take theory of evolution and apply it to societies, Herbert Spencer coins “survival of the fittest”. Social darwinism that euro and evolve and were better than the rest of the world. Nations are supposed to compete and the strong will rise and the weak will fall. In this theory war is natural because struggle for existence in societies is natural.not super true but this was his theory. This becomes the common norm of thought into politicians minds going into world war one. Hitler believed in these thoughts. Not only white people believe in this but others also believe in it like japanese. The groups that are colonized begin to believe these theories because it justifies them being ruled, a lot of them believe it even though it isn't true. Why wouldnt they just immediately rise up against the europeans, because they believe in social darwinism. Belief that stronger societies would prevail against weaker ones. Social darwinism is directly wrong tho but they believe in it. This is where social darwinism is tied to racism but they are fundamentally different. 

Japan’s Modernization:

They still under the tokugawa shogunate with two governments, one is the shogun/emperor in kyoto who is the son of the sun goddess. And then the shogunate. They have isolationism, but the dutch are allowed to trade in nagasaki.  

The united states and the opening of Japan:

Since the 1880s Us ships have been passing through Japanese water en route to china. zTheyy might crash and get wrecked on china which would be bad. Arrival of commodore matthew c perry to tokyo bay, 1853. The US has steam powered steel boats but Japan aint got that. The us wants a promise to protect Ud sailors who were shipwrecked and also want permission for merchants ships to dock and repair and fuel and also want the right to trade with the japanese. Japan was convinced to peacefully yield after seeing euro aggression in china and with fear of what might happen to them. They dont wanna end up like china. Japan was isolated but people knew it was there and japan also knew some stuff going around in the world bc of the dutch. This leads to the Meiji Restoration.

Meiji(enlightenment)Restoration:

1853. Japanese isolationism ended in 1853. This is the end of the shogunate because they failed in keeping the euro barbarians out of japan, this also the end of the shogunate system. A movement in Japan supported by some samurai and citizens to have the emperor get all the power and rule instead. Revere the emperor, expel the barbarians was chanted in the streets. The capital of kyoto is not the capital anymore but it is now tokyo(edo). The government system is now form 2 to 1 system. The emperor occupied the castle of the tokugawa shogunate.  The people want this so it is enlightenment, general will.  Meiji=enlightenemtn. This ends feudalism, shogunate. Some samurai are against it but they are eliminated, but mostly peaceful transition. The fiefs are taken and divided into prefectures for administration. The samurai are kept peaceful to give them a lump sum of pension, pension paying them thanking them for their service aka buying them out. Taking their land and power and influence but since paying them most are okay with it. Just like back in europe, Feudalism allows for the centralization of power.         C  japan accepts this bc they agree with western powers cuz they believe themselves to be weaker than the whites so they are okay with them being pushed around. But they accept it and say we're gonna get better and they adopt industry, enlightenment and imperialism. They accept it and keep on working. They knew they would quickly catch up. 

Constitution of1889:

The create a constitutionional monarchy but not acc to enlightened and a gift from the thrown not recognition of natural rights, and political power comes from the emperor. They go to euro states and take their ideas and specifically germany because they view power to come from the kaiser. Based on german constitution of 1871, with emperor, prime minister, diet(bicameral legislature). They have the house of peers(wealthy taxpayers) and the house of representatives(selected by electorate of property owners.) the house of peers was elected by the common man  but the house of reps were selected by property owners. Similar to britain and us. Had legislative power but was limited - the emperor controlled finance and had the power to veto it. He chooses whether to spend money so he controls everything. To be able to vote, you had to own a lot of property so only 1% could vote meaning it aint really democracy. This is in the 80s. The other side of the chart is the military and general staff. Wealthy busniess man can now vote but b4 they were looked down upon. These enlightened ideas were very limited because the influence of Confucianism remained. Confucianism directly says that people are unequal, the inferior should be subject to superior. They believe society is more important than the individual which is opposite of most of euro besides germany.  Patriarchal family is the ideal pattern for state, the emperor should rule(like the father). Reforms were not because of the individual but to strengthen the government and this is a response to western imperialism. 

Advances in industry:

The navy was based on the UK’s because they had the strongest navy at the time. The army was based off of Germany because they had the strongest army at the time(most skilled and equipped). They switch from agrarian/mercantile to an industrial economy. The swap from socialism(not marxism) to capitalism. Under the tokugawa they controlled trade but now that deosnt happen. Industry in japan lacked private capital, they didnt have enough wealth to build these companies. They do not have wealthy individuals to go out and start a factory so they get money from the state itself using taxpayer money. They do not want to borrow money from anyone else cuz dont wanna end up like ottomans or the latins. The state controls the construction of railroads, telegraph, telephone lines, docks, shipyards, and factories. They have a good tax structure so they can do this, unlike the Chinese and the ottomans. The government is literally build the industry and all the companies but then gradually turn it into a private company by others buying. The industrial revolution in japan is being controlled by the state not private business man. Socialism then into capitalism. This is the only country that is non western that pulls off the industrial revolution on their own in this time period. The factories remained relatively small in size because of the limited amount of land in japan bc so mountainous. Industrial output is much less than Germany and the US which will be important later. 

The Mitsubishi group:

This is the Mitsubishi family. They are important but this isnt the only important family the family started out as a shogun but transitioned into commerce in Nagasaki, which led to them facing severe prejudice. The received prejudice bc traders are viewed as less in confucian. This was beneficial to them though because they are already ready to switch to the Meiji Restoration. They are the corporate businessmen leading Japan in the industrial revolution. They take the money they made from dutch and put it into three older aged steamships and go and start trading. These 3 ships eventually become 100 steamships and they begin to diversify and go into coal mines, shipyards, and steel mills. This is vertical integration. They get all this so they can do everything they need to do to use and produce these ships. They are not only in the trade industry but also in coal, steel, shipbuilding to anyone else. In 1920 they began to produce cars and engines. Japan will not only copy industry and enlightenment, they will also adopt imperialism due to linen’s theories. This is how they end up taking manchuria, taiwan, korea and some bits of china, philippines, vietnam. Also brought them into war with the US in 1941. The americans started this lol. 

The colonization of Africa:

Industrial revolution caused the colonization of Africa because it overcame these three things; 1.euro being outnumbered(doesn't matter now because of the invention of modern technology- bolt action rifles,shoot far and dont gotta reload from the end of the barrel, got cartridges) british have the “mad minute” which is shoot as much as possible and 30 rounds was the minimum. The machine gun is even worse and the gatling gun, 200 rounds per minute(1860s70s). Problem was it was massive and clunky. The Maxim machine gun shoots 600 rounds a minute( 1910). 2. Transportation cuz cant get to the center of africa. 3. Tropical Diseases, they have quinine and now can mass produce it so they'll not be killed by malaria. Durg companies that turn quinine to shots and then to pills. 

Belgian Conquest of the Congo:

Belgium has not existed yet. Formed in the 1800s by the UK and choosing a family to be the monarchy, the UK became a whole new country. Uk want to back this country bc it is close to london so it needs to be backed by a friendly power. 1878, under King Leopold 2 led a group of private financers to fund teh International Association for the International Congo Association. Negotiated with Cheiftans to open Congo basin for economic exploitation. Belgium going into afrcia for african conquest causes the the Berlin Conference of 1885-1885

The Berlin Conference 1884-1885:

Delegates of Euro Nations and Us. Heade by Otto von Bismarck, he says that Germany will not take part in the colonization of Africa for fear of a two front war. They are in fear of France and Russia because they ticked the French off by doing the thing in the palace of Versailles and Russian German beef because of racism. They set ground rules for colonization in africa. Congo would be a “free state” under the trusteeship of Leopold, Belgians have to help them in this transition to rule themselves. A euro nation would have sovereign claims to the land behind the African coasts they controlled, the British would have to stay there to take these claims, like the French moving into Algeria(colonies). They have to actively occupy it. That means that they soldiers to occupy these african states which leads to shoot outs but not war quite yet until 1914. This Starts the scramble for AFrica, according to linen they have to use imperialism to continue their capitalism. They also get natural resources. Also these africans can join armies after they turn 18. Euro colonization of africa, 1875-11%, 1902-90%, 1914-all except ethiopia. Berlin conference starts the coloinzation of africa.  The incentives to colonize is for new markets inside  of these countries, natural resources, more opportunity for soldiers. The end of the “slave trade”- not really the end of it, wage labor in conditions that were as bad as slavery. 

Lepold’s rule over the congo:

The king Personally purchased a large amount of the land for Belgium so they don't have to follow the trusteeship. Rubber and ivory extracted through coerced labor, their is craze for ivory because billiards got famous and the balls are made of ivory. The rubber was used for bicycles because bikes allowed for people to get around easily. Rubber trees that require a lot of manual labor. The ivory is hard to get because it is dangerous. The workers were given quotas. Failure to meet quotas would result in the loss of a hand. 

The Balance of Power in Europe:

Between countries- through alliances and military developments. Triple Alliance: germany feels a bit concerned with russia so otto von bismarck makes an alliance between them and austria-hungary(central) 1879 and then with Ital in 1882. They are concerned with russia because austria hungary empire, they share border with russia and Italy is sorta close to russia as well and germany had beef for a while. These guys have a defensive pact meaning they will come help defend only if they are attacked. Germany(central) also signs the Reinsurance Treaty, between russia and germany and that they would remain neutral if they were attacked by a third power. This was a secret treaty bc this would obv upset italy and austria hungary. It was signed in 1887 and expires in 1890 and it was not renewed. The Franco-Russian(allied) Alliance is now formed after this treaty expires.  These are long term causes of world war one. Bismarck is using diplomacy to avoid war, he is a realpolitik. He knows germany can not survive a two front war, so he avoids this one.

Change in German Politics:

Kaiser wilhelm 2 takes power in 1888. His birth doesnt go well and his mom almost dies plus his left arm came out deformed, he is very insecure about this. Also rumored that he didnt get proper oxygen to his brain meaning his brain didnt develop properly and isnt very intellectual, not idiot but not a smart man like otto von bismarck. The stereotype that germans only care abt war and stuff and large amount of history this is true. Frederick the first started the strongest army ever so this makes germany have this stereotype. Reason 1 he is insecure is cuz of his arm. Reason number 2 of his family, his grandmother is queen victoria, similar to uk and russia. All of them are the granddaughter of victoria. Kaiser willhelm is the least fav grandson and looked down upon by victoria and him being insecure makes germany insecure. He dismisses Otto von Bismarck and goes from realpolitik to weltpolitik- “world policy” -1890. Otto von Bismarck wants to avoid war and lose but now Wilhelm 2 wants to colonize. Bismarck was replaced by bernhard von bülow 1890. 

My map of Africa lies here in Europe. Here lies Russia, and here lies France, and we are right in the middle; this is my map of Africa.
-Otto Von Bismarck 1888

We do not want to put anyone into the shade, but we demand a place for ourselves in the sun.
-Bernhard von Bülow 1897 

Germany starts colonizing and then everyone else is like what no! ^ this switch in policy is long term reason to world war 1. Philosophy behind german policies is if they dont grow stronger then they grow weaker. 

European intwrest in china:

They want access to raw resources and foreign markets. They have a lot of coal and oil deposits. There are more people buying industrialized manufactured goods. There is a lot of interest in korea-port arthur. They want warm water ports so they can participate in world trade during the winter. Vladivostok is near port arthur so they want it but have to build the transsiberian railroad to port arthur. It is one railroad meaning only one train at a time. Japan also has interest in korea and beats chinese navy in yellow sea. This is going to lead to the russio japanese war. 

The American Empire:

Teddy The Imperialist:

Before he is president. He supports imperialism. He is assistant secretary of the navy and his boss is the secretary and he is in the executive branch of gov. The build a modern Navy. he publishes his first book, The Naval War of 1812- where the whitehouse was burned down and the war was an extension to the Napoleonic wars, it's between Britain and us. His thesis of how america got wrecked in this war is “We are going to take our place in the world arena. The British Empire is beginning to show signs of decline, and nature abhors a vacuum. One country and one country only will fill that vacuum and it must be the United States” , 

He is trying to convince the people to support the building of a strong navy and funding for it. Alfred T Mahan writes a book and teddy supports his thoughts and has the power to do it. The napolis is the undergrad navy college. By giving his speech he is saying he is going to replace the british as the world power. 

Cuban Revolution:

Cuba has a Struggle against spanish rule. They are not allowed to own firearms, so they use machetes at the beginning until they get guns from the spanish. To put down their guerilla forces they start concentration camps. A concentration camp is a fenced off area where they put people to live. This achieves two things, the guerillas cant hide amongst the common people, this makes them easier to see. The second thing this achieves is diseases so the population gradually dies out. Spain gives them the option to end the revolution for their freedom and more local autonomy. They are creating a humanitarian crisis cuz so many people are dying. Yellow Journalism, two american newspapers, william randolph hearst and joseph pulitzer.  Both of these newspapers exaggerate stories in cuba, that is the meaning of yellow journalism. War is good for journalism. Hearst sends a journalist to cuba to get the scoop, but nth is happening so he send a message back that no war is happening so he famously says, “you provided the pictures, i provide the war”. These are his stories. USS Maine- battleship that teddy got funded for. They send the USS Maine to havana to frighten them and just sit there but then one night it just blows up. Before investigation could happen, hearst and pulitzer says that it was the spanish that did it so they can get revenge. The american people believe that they want war so they urge congress and now congress declares war against spain. Believed by the navy that it was acc the fault of the crew and technicals stuff but doesnt matter now. The general will fault. 

Battle of Manila Bay:

The first fight is in the Philippines in manila bay. Teddy writes a letter to admiral george dewey to send his fleet to the philippines. Then war is declared and they attack the colony of Spain, philippines. Complete and utter victory against spain cuz the been on decline since 1500s. Absolutely decimated. Destroy the spanish fleet, now marines get off and go onto land. Philippines independence leader asks dewey if they can be free if they help, dewey says ill do what i can but can't make a decision. Teddy leaves the navy and joins the rough riders. 

The treaty of Paris 1898:

This ends the war. Cuba gets free and writes its own constitution but they have the platt amendment in their constitution which gives the United states power over cuba. Cuba gets independence but is indirectly ruled by the United States. This is the concept of extraterritoriality(territory ruled by sm else). America annexed Guam and Puerto Rico-still part of US. The philippines, they alluded that they give them their independence but also wanna keep it. William mckinney comes up with benevolent assimilation, the philippines will be nicely assimilated to us society and they rule over them. White man’s burden example. Aided in becoming civilized by the United states. Another argument is that they get a route to China if they use philippines. This would also allow The US to be the gateway to china. 

The Philippine Insurrection:

Tensions between the leftover soldiers there and the Filipino independence movement. They “hear” people in the forest and start attacking the philippines. They come up with the water cure for secrets by waterboarding them. Also build concentration camps for the Filipinos. They eventually defeat the insurgents and the Philippines is now a colony of the United states up until WW2. 

The Open Door Policy:

Everyone wants china. Secretary of state John Hay writes the Open Door Notes in 1899 to every government in japan and in europe. These letters say that free trade should not be limited in China and that it shouldn't be divided but should all participate in trade with china. But france germany russia want trade restrictions for parts for themselves alone. British, Us, japan want open door policy. The british, US, japan are the ones who win out over the other guys. American involvement in china: standard oil company is now in china- the marine garrisons are also in there. 

The Boxer Rebellion 1899-1901:

There is a group of chinese that did karate and they called them boxers. Group of karate people v the westerners and japan. They rise up and start killing white people and chritstian people as well(nuns). The boxers seize legation quarter in peking, the embassy. All of the euro and japan form an eight nation alliance against the boxers, italy, germany, japan, US, russia, austro-hungarian, france, UK. kaiser says, “anyone who falls into your hands falls to your sword!”-Kaiser Wilhelm 2. This means take no prisoners and kill them all. The united states are the one who win the race to save the delegation and takes the embassy back. They are all trying to reach the thing but the US wins. QIng dynasty in difficult situation here bc they still on the west’s side. Final blow to the qing and they fall in 1911.

1911 Revolution:

End of the qing. 1912- national assembly formed the republic of china led by Sun yat-sen

The Boer Wars:

South Africa:

1652-cape town-dutch east india company. They did this because they had the largest merchant fleet. The Khoikhoi and xhosa lands and are enslaved by the dutch east india company. immigrants -dutch german and french hugneots.

The Boer Wars 

South Africa 

• 1652 - Cape Town established by Dutch East India Company 

  • Cape Colony 

• Khoikhoi and Xhosa lands -enslaved by Dutch East India Company 

• Immigrants - Dutch, German, and French Huguenots 

  • For land ownership 

  • French Huguenots were being persecuted by the government 

• Boers/Afrikaners - new ethnic group/new national identity 

• 1795 - British take Cape Town 

  • Annexed it in 1806 

  • Want to control trade between Indian and Atlantic Oceans

The Great Trek 

• Boers do not want to associate with British 

• 1835-1840 

• Migrate further into Africa 

  • They do not want to be British subjects 

• Creation of two Boer Republics 

  • Orange Free State 

  • Transvaal (South African Republic) 

The First Boer War 

• Discovery of diamond fields at Kimberley 1867 

  • Both Republics claim it 

  • Britain annexed it in 1871 

• Britain then attempted to annexe the Transvaal 1877 

• Rejected by Boers 

• Battle of Majuba Hill 

  • Only battle of FIrst Boer War 

  • Boers win 

    • Boers are fighting for their homeland 

      • Main motivation 

    • Maintain independence 

  • Transvaal given independence 

Cecil Rhodes 

• British born entrepreneur 

• Forms DA Beers Diamond Company - 1888 

  • 80-85% diamond production 

  • Today 29.5% of world’s diamonds 

  • In South Africa 

  • Drives diamond demand through the roof 

    • Diamonds become expensive even though they are not rare 

• Expansion in South Africa 

  • Wants to annexe Transvaal 

  • Benefit to British Empire? 

    • No, Cecil Rhodes is the only one who benefits 

  • Then why continue imperialism? 

    • For nationalist reasons 

      • Influence is through the control of various colonies 

• Cecil Rhodes wants railroad that will connect Cape Town to Cairo Railway 

  • Never constructed 

  • Issue - Boer republics sit in its path 

• 1890 - Cecil Rhodes named prime minister of Cape Colony 

The Discovery of Gold in the Transvaal 

• 1886 

• By 1889 - producing 25% of the world’s gold 

• British immigrants come to work in gold mines 

  • Discriminated against and not represented by Boers 

• Rhodes saw the Afrikan republics as threat to British hegemony 

  • Believes the republics need to be removed 

• Organized the Jameson Raid to join forces with British miners 

  • Plan is to cross into Transvaal then start shooting it up 

  • Issue - miners are arrested by Boers upon entering Transvaal 

• Rhodes forced to resign 

  • Violated international law 

• The Kruger Telegram 

  • Sent by Kaiser Wilhelm the 2nd to Paul Kruger signifiting support 

  • Issue - Britain and France upset 

• tBritish fight zulus 

  • Anglo-zulu War - 1879 

    • British win 

    • British lose Battle of Isandlwana

      • Case where whites lose to non-whites 

Second Boer War  

• Tensions erupt on a 2nd war 

• Early Boer victories 

• Boer Advantages - 

  • Using Guerilla Warfare 

    • Horseback hit and run 

  • Know land better than British 

• Antiquated British military 

  • Tactics are outdated 

• German ships boarded and searched by British 

  • Suspect Germany of assisting Boers 

    • No evidence 

• Chief of Staff Herbert kitchener 

  • 1900-1902 

  • Englishman 

  • Adopts new tactics 

    • Brings conflict to an end 

  • Concentration camps 

    • For Boer civilians 

  • Barbed Wire fences 

    • Kept Boers from sneaking around 

• Boer Republic annexed by British by 1902 

Imperial Japan 

Russo Japanese war 

• Japan wins 

Note - Japan’s number 1 national security concern is Russia 

Lead up to War 

• Russo-Japanese Naval Arms race 

  • Competition for the military to have certain weapons or size 

• Alliances: 

  • Franco-Russian Alliance 

    • French send technicians with background in naval design 

      • Give Russia all of their naval expertise 

      • Russia copies France’s navy 

  • Anglo-japanese Alliance 1902 

    • Naval Technology from U.K.

    • Allowed to stockpile coal before U.K. makes it contraband 

• Both japan and Russia want Korea 

War

• February 8th, 1904 

• Japan attacks Russia at Port Arthur 

• Defeat Russia’s Pacific fleet 

• Russia has to create a 2nd pacific fleet 

• From Baltic Sea to Yellow Sea 

  • 19k miles 

• Germany aid in re-coaling 

• Russian fleet “accidently” engage British Fishing ships 

• Battle of Tsushima 

  • Japanese crosses the T of the Russian Navy 

    • Naval tactic 

      • Japanese cut across Russia’s path 

        • The ships they used could fire both of their cannons if they were sideways 

  • Proves that Japan has one of the best Navies in the world 

  • Japan proves that a non-white country can defeat a white one

Outcomes 

• Yellow Peril vs Slav Peril 

  • Yellow Peril - racist towards Japanese 

  • Slav Peril - fear that Russia will end up controlling Asia 

    • Think that Russian slavs are inferior and part asian 

• Teddy Roosevelt mediates the end of the war 

  • Belief that the strength of both countries should remain equal 

  • Teddy is Pro-Japanese 

  • Japan can not afford to continue to fight 

    • They ask Teddy Roosevelt to intervene 

      • Russia and Japanese citizens do not know about this 

• Peace made: 

  • Korea and Manchuria taken by Japan 

    • Manchuria annexed by Japan in 1930s 

  • Russia has to give up Eastern expansion 

    • Big cause of WW1 

    • They’ll shift their focus towards the Turkish straits rather than Korea 

• Japanese citizens are upset 

  • They thought they were winning the war so why end it

  • Government uses Teddy Roosevelt as scapegoat 

Change in Russia 

• Czar Nicholas the 2nd 

  • Grandma is Queen Victoria 

    • She likes him more than Kaiser WIlhelm the 2nd 

  • Was not prepared to be Czar 

  • “There could not be a worse leader for Russia during this time” 

  • Russia is not civilized yet 

    • Autocrat 

    • No enlightenment/industrialization 

• Centuries of change in one decade 

  • Attempts to Westernize - industrialization 

    • NO enlightenment 

      • Nicholas the 2nd wants to stay in power as an autocrat 

    • Russia nobility does not want to spend money on factories 

      • Foreign capital must be used 

        • Loans from France 

  • 1861 - Serfdom ended 

    • Issue - could not afford taxes - peasants forced to work for former masters 

• Working Class leads to creation of Social Democratic Party 

  • Wants the implementation of Marxist theory 

    • Split between Bolshevik and Menshevik 

      • Bolshevik - purists 

    • Immediate socialist regime vs bourgeois state first 

      • Bolshevik - immediate socialist regime 

      • Menshevik - Bourgeois state first 

    • Vladimir Lenin ends up heading the Bolsheviks 

• Czar Secret Police - Okhrana 

  • Chasing the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks 

    • Because they oppose the Czar 

  • Arrest Vladimir Lenin 

  • Later arrest Joseph Stalin 

• Russo-Japanese War is unpopular 

  • Russia loses to a non white group 

• The Revolution of 1905 

  • Proletariat protest at Winter Palace

    • Winter palace - palace that the Czar stayed at during winter 

    • In Saint Petersburg 

    • Guards open fire into the crowd 

• Duma formed 

  • Legislative 

  • Tsar Nicholos the 2nd hates the Duma 

    • Compromise that he makes but then he regrets  

  • No real power 

• Revolution fails 

  • Czar still has loyalty of state 

    • Army still supports him 

Anglo German Naval Arms Race 1897 

• Kaiser Wilhem the 2nd - supported Mahan’s theory 

  • Mahan’s Theory - Naval power controls 

• Admiral Tirpitz 

• 1897 

• Want to build Dreadnoughts 

  • Huge battleships powered by steam turbine engine 

  • Huge cannons 

  • Very expensive 

• Appropriations - Public Opinion? 

  • German population has been swayed by the Kaiser to want a stronger Navy 

• Germany comes to the brink of bankruptcy 

  • They purchase the construction of more and more dreadnoughts as Britain does the same 

• Bernard von Bulow resigns - 1908 

• Germany and Britain now view each other as threats 

Further Formation of Alliances 

• Entente Cordiale 

  • France and Britain 

  • Crowning achievement of King Edward 

  • Signed 1904 

  • Fears of Naval Arms Race 

• Anglo-Russian Convention 

  • 1907 

  • Fears of Berlin Baghdad Railroad 

    • Germany has entered negotiations with the Ottoman Empire 

      • Selling weapons to each other 

  • Russian focus is now back on the Turkish Straits 

• Alliances -

  • Triple Alliance 

    • Germany 

    • Italy

    • Austria-Hungary 

  • Triple Entente 

    • U.K 

    • France

    • Russia 

Women’s Suffrage Movement

• Late 1800s 

  • Laws passed making divorce easier 

    • Before only men could issue a divorce 

  • Women can now own property 

  • Contraceptives more readily available 

    • Contraceptive - Birth control 

  • But no right to vote  

• Emmeline Pankhurst 

  • Led militant suffragist who used violence 

    • Chained themselves to the visitor galleries in the House of Commons 

    • Broke into golf courses and wrote “Votes for Women” in acid on the greens 

    • Burned Politicians houses 

  • Arrested and sentenced 

  • Hunger strikes in prison 

Bolshevik-Menshevik Split

• The Social Democratic Party of Russia split into two factions: the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks.

• Both factions aimed to overthrow Tsarist Russia, which was oppressive under Tsar Nicholas II.

  • Bolsheviks: Radical faction, supported by Vladimir Lenin, who would later lead a successful revolution in 1917.

  • Mensheviks: Moderate faction, believed in a more gradual approach to revolution.

The Okhrana: Tsar's Secret Police

• The Okhrana served as secret police under Tsar Nicholas II.

• Members operated without uniforms, disguised as civilians to spy on citizens and identify anti-tsarist sentiments.

• Individuals suspected of treason, including Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, faced arrests and imprisonment.

Key Figures: Lenin and Stalin

• Vladimir Lenin:

  • Leader of the Bolshevik party.

  • Arrested by the Okhrana and exiled to Siberia without trial.

  • While in exile, he wrote significant works, including "The Highest Form of Capitalism is Imperialism."

  • Eventually returns to lead the Russian Revolution of 1917.

• Joseph Stalin:

  • Early supporter of the Bolshevik party, originally from Georgia.

  • Arrested by the Okhrana and while in prison, he sought to gain power among Bolshevik supporters by denouncing rival party members, leading to their deaths.

Impact of the Russo-Japanese War

• The Russo-Japanese War became highly unpopular amongst Russians, resulting in dissent against Tsar Nicholas II.

• Advisors split on involvement; some insisted on war for expansion while others advised against it.

• The war ended poorly for Russia, leading to public outrage and contributing to the Revolution of 1905.

The Revolution of 1905

• Sparked by a peaceful protest at the Winter Palace where workers sought to discuss their grievances.

• Guards fired on the crowd, killing many, marking a turning point in public sentiment against the Tsar.

• The brutality of the czarist regime, notably by the Cossacks, highlighted the oppressive nature of Tsarist rule.

• In response, Tsar Nicholas II formed the Duma, a legislative body, though he largely ignored it and continued to maintain autocratic power.

Reasons for the Failure of the 1905 Revolution

• Insufficient support for a full-blown proletariat revolution; dissidence was not widespread among the masses.

• Key pillars of state support, like the military and bureaucracy, remained loyal to the czar.

• The Bolsheviks and Mensheviks did not advocate for an immediate uprising, believing it would fail, which it ultimately did.

• The army's loyalty is a stark contrast to the situation in 1917, where mutiny occurred.

Prelude to World War I: The Arms Race

• Tsar Nicholas II's imperial ambitions contributed to the broader tensions leading to World War I.

• The Anglo-German naval arms race intensified, as Germany aimed to expand its naval capabilities in response to Britain’s existing dominance.

  • British naval superiority caused anxiety within Germany, prompting extensive naval buildup.

  • Kaiser Wilhelm II, influenced by Alfred Thayer Mahan's theories on naval power, pushed for a strong navy despite limited historical precedent in German military strategy.

• The naval arms race cost millions and pushed Germany's economy to the brink.

  • As deterrent strategies failed, the rift between the UK and Germany grew.

Formation of Alliances

• The naval arms race and the threat posed by Germany led to the formation of alliances, with Britain, France, and Russia establishing the Triple Entente.

• The opposition, known as the Triple Alliance, included Germany, Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Italy.

• This division set the stage for military responses when tensions escalated into hostilities in 1914.

The Women's Suffrage Movement

• The suffrage movement sought to secure women's right to vote, predominantly in the United Kingdom but influenced American reform movements.

• Key figures, particularly Emmeline Pankhurst, led militant actions, including protests and hunger strikes.

• Despite their efforts, women's suffrage was not achieved until after World War I due to the war's significant societal shifts.

• The misconception around the suffrage movement emphasizes that its successes were not directly responsible for the right to vote; instead, the contributions of women during the war played a crucial role in convincing societies to grant suffrage.

Conclusion of Period Three

• The culmination of events leading to World War I underscores the interconnectedness of socio-political movements and the failures of earlier revolutionary efforts.

• Understanding this period is crucial for comprehending the developments that will follow in Period Four.