Honors Biology - Midterm Study

What is the cycle in photosynthesis called?

Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions)

Can only plants do photosynthesis?

No. Plants, algae, and some bacteria (like cyanobacteria) can.

Converting radiant energy to chemical energy stored in food is called

Photosynthesis

What organelle does photosynthesis mainly take place in?

Chloroplast

What makes plants green?

Chlorophyll (pigment in chloroplasts)

What does photosynthesis rely on?

Sunlight + chlorophyll + water + carbon dioxide + enzymes

Photosynthesis overall equation (words)

Carbon dioxide + water + light → glucose + oxygen

Balanced photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2

“carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen” describes what?

Photosynthesis (needs light; usually written balanced)

Are oxygen and glucose the inputs of photosynthesis?

No. Inputs are CO2 + H2O (+ light). Outputs are glucose + O2.

Which is NOT produced in photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is used up, not produced.

Cellular respiration does what?

Breaks down glucose to make ATP (energy), releasing CO2 and H2O

Cellular respiration overall equation

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP

Name of the usable energy made in cellular respiration

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

In , glucose splits into two molecules

Glycolysis; pyruvate (pyruvic acid)

Where does the anaerobic phase of cellular respiration happen?

Cytoplasm (glycolysis)

Do plants “reproduce” in cellular respiration?

No. Cellular respiration is for releasing energy (ATP), not reproduction.

What is DNA important because it is your ?

Genetic information / instructions for making proteins

DNA gets duplicated (replicated) during

S phase of Interphase

Which part of the cell cycle: cell grows, duplicates organelles, checks DNA, prepares for mitosis

G2 phase (Interphase)

Which part of the cell cycle: the cell replicates its DNA

S phase

What are the 3 main parts of the entire cell cycle?

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

Most cells spend ~90% of their life in

Interphase (especially G1)

Correct order of mitosis (PMAT)

Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase

In what stage does DNA condense into chromosomes?

Prophase

In what stage does the nuclear envelope disappear?

Prophase (more specifically: late prophase/prometaphase)

Which stage: chromosomes line up at the center/equator of the cell

Metaphase

In what stage do the chromosomes align in the middle?

Metaphase

During Metaphase _

Chromosomes line up; spindle fibers attach to centromeres

In what stage do sister chromatids pull apart to opposite ends?

Anaphase

Which stage: two sister chromatids separate as spindle fibers pull them apart

Anaphase

In what stage do you see the formation of two new nuclei?

Telophase

During Telophase _

Nuclear envelopes reform; chromosomes uncoil; spindle breaks down

Cytokinesis is when the

Cytoplasm divides (splitting the cell into two)

The division of the cytoplasm is called

Cytokinesis

In what stage do you see two independent daughter cells?

After cytokinesis (end of cell division)

Result of DNA replication during S phase

Each chromosome becomes 2 identical sister chromatids

Which answer best describes the cell cycle?

Growth → DNA replication → division (repeats)

Which part of the cell cycle: DNA condenses & nuclear membrane disappears

Prophase

Mitosis results in…

Two genetically identical daughter cells (same DNA as original)

All cells divide at exactly the same rate

False (cells divide at different rates)

Where is DNA found?

Nucleus (eukaryotes); also nucleoid region in prokaryotes

All of the following go through mitosis EXCEPT (heart, egg, kidney, pancreas)

Egg cell (gametes are made by meiosis, not mitosis)

Mitosis is NOT needed for…

Making sperm/eggs (that’s meiosis / sexual reproduction)

Which best describes Prophase?

Chromosomes condense; spindle forms; nuclear envelope breaks down

Regeneration and repair are the same thing

Not exactly: regeneration regrows lost parts; repair heals damaged tissue

Prefix “Soma” means

Body (somatic = body cell)

Substance made from weakened/killed pathogens to produce immunity

Vaccine

Compounds that block growth/reproduction of bacteria, often from fungi

Antibiotics (example: penicillin)

A cell with no membrane-bound nucleus/organelles; in Bacteria/Archaea

Prokaryotic cell

This type of cell has a true nucleus

Eukaryotic cell

Which type of cell is an example of a eukaryotic cell?

Plant cell / animal cell / fungi / protist (any of those)

Chloroplasts and cell walls are found only in

Plant cells (and many algae)

Which organelle is NOT found in a plant cell?

Centrioles (typical textbook answer)

Gel-like fluid where organelles are found

Cytoplasm (cytosol is the liquid part)

Identify structure that assembles amino acids

Ribosome (makes proteins)

Identify this structure (wavy membranes with dots)

Rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes)

What organelle controls what enters/exits the cell?

Cell membrane (plasma membrane)

What organelle is the “outside border” of the cell in many diagrams?

Cell membrane (plants also have a cell wall outside it)

How can phospholipid fatty acid tails be described?

Hydrophobic, nonpolar (“water-fearing”)

Stores food, water, wastes in plant cells

Central vacuole

What is the function of the vacuole?

Storage; in plants helps turgor pressure (keeps cell firm)

What is the function of the lysosome?

Breaks down food, waste, and old cell parts using enzymes

What process occurs in chloroplast parts (stroma, grana/thylakoids)?

Light reactions in thylakoids/grana; Calvin cycle in stroma

Diffusion is…

Movement from high concentration → low concentration until even

Osmosis is…

Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

Facilitated diffusion is…

Passive movement through transport proteins (no ATP)

Active transport vs passive transport

Active uses ATP and can move against gradient; passive uses no ATP and moves down gradient

When diffusion becomes even throughout, a(n) is reached

Equilibrium

Air freshener smell spreading across a room is an example of

Diffusion

Active transport that removes materials from a cell

Exocytosis

Active transport where a cell engulfs material using the membrane

Endocytosis (phagocytosis = “cell eating”)

Which solution type is best to maintain cell internal conditions?

Isotonic

In an isotonic solution, does water move in/out?

Both, equally (no net change in cell size)

If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, it will…

Gain water; swell (animal may burst; plant becomes turgid)

Ocean algae put into freshwater: what happens?

Water rushes in; cells swell (can be damaged/lyse)

Diffusion vs osmosis difference

Diffusion = many particles/solutes; Osmosis = water only

Which beaker has highest solute concentration (darkest blue)?

The darkest/most blue beaker (highest solute)

Highest concentration in molarity (M) questions

The largest M value is the highest concentration

Function of alveoli

Gas exchange: O2 into blood, CO2 out of blood

Cell theory (3 parts)

All living things are made of cells; cells are basic unit of life; cells come from existing cells