Global Divides, Latin America, and Development Theories

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Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms on the North–South divide, Latin America, modernization and dependency theories, and related historical concepts.

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31 Terms

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Global Divides / North-South Divide

A socio-economic and political categorization that separates developed (Global North) from developing (Global South) countries.

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Global North

Wealthy, industrialized countries—mostly in the Northern Hemisphere—that control ~80 % of world income and 90 % of manufacturing.

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Global South

Less-developed countries—largely in the Southern Hemisphere—characterized by low GDP, high population, and limited access to basic needs.

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First World

Cold-War term for the United States and its allies; today largely overlaps with the Global North.

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Second World

Cold-War term for the Soviet Union, China, and their allies, later dissolved as a category after the Cold War.

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Third World

Original label for poorer, non-aligned nations; now considered outdated and mostly replaced by “Global South.”

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Latin America

Cultural region of Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking nations south of the U.S., including Central and South America and some Caribbean states.

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North America

Continent comprising Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean islands (definition varies in scope).

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South America

Continent south of Panama containing 12 independent nations and nearby islands such as Easter Island and the Galápagos.

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Modernization Theory

Explains development as a linear transition from traditional to modern society, driven by technology and cultural change.

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Columbian Exchange

Post-1492 transfer of goods, technology, people, and diseases between Europe and the Americas that accelerated Western development.

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Industrial Revolution

18th–19th-century shift to mechanized production (steam power, machines) that boosted living standards in early-industrializing nations.

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Rostow’s Five Stages of Growth

Historical model positing development through Traditional Society, Pre-conditions for Take-off, Take-off, Drive to Maturity, and High Mass Consumption.

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Traditional Society (Rostow)

Stage with subsistence economy and limited technology prior to sustained growth.

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Pre-conditions for Take-off

Stage where external demand and infrastructure investments prepare a nation for rapid growth.

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Take-off

Short period of rapid industrial expansion and sustained economic growth.

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Drive to Maturity

Stage where modern technology diffuses across all sectors, diversifying the economy.

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High Mass Consumption

Final stage characterized by widespread affluence and consumer goods.

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Dependency Theory

View that under-development results from exploitative relations where the Global South supplies resources to enrich the Global North.

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Hans Singer

Economist who, with Prebisch, laid the groundwork for Dependency Theory in the 1950s.

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Raúl Prebisch

Argentinian economist who co-developed the Singer-Prebisch thesis on deteriorating terms of trade for primary exporters.

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Andre Gunder Frank

Neo-Marxist scholar who blamed capitalist dependence for under-development in the Global South.

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Latin American Structuralist Approach

School (e.g., Palma, Cardoso, Faletto) emphasizing reliance on primary-commodity exports and external capital as sources of under-development.

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Core Nations

Highly industrialized states that receive most of the world’s wealth and manufacture high-value goods.

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Peripheral Nations

Less-developed countries supplying raw materials and labor in exchange for a small share of global wealth.

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Capitalist World-Economy Model

Immanuel Wallerstein’s framework describing a global system divided into core and periphery linked by unequal exchange.

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North-South Trade Pattern

Colonial and post-colonial flow of raw materials from the South to the North and manufactured goods in the opposite direction.

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Abolitionist

Person in 19th-century United States who sought to end slavery (e.g., Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman).

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Bleeding Kansas

1854-1861 violent conflict over whether Kansas would enter the U.S. as a free or slave state.

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Secession

Act of Southern U.S. states leaving the Union in 1860-61 to form the Confederate States of America.

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States’ Rights

Doctrine arguing that U.S. states hold certain powers superior to the federal government; central to Southern grievances before the Civil War.