PSYC 321: Substance Abuse Exam #2

One difference between cocaine and the amphetamines is that cocaine has a longer duration of action.

False

The coca tree is native to

South America

Cocaine and amphetamines act by blocking the reuptake of dopamine.

True

Which of the following is a slang name for methamphetamine?

Ice

Overdoses of cocaine and amphetamine may produce a psychotic state.

True

Cocaine influences dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin activity.

True

When stimulants cause one to lose appetite, thus suppressing eating, it is called

Anorectic Effects

Learning under influence of a drug is best recalled when one is in the same "condition" as when the drug was first consumed. This is referred to as

state-dependent learning

ADHD medication falls into which of the following categories of drugs?

Stimulants

Amphetamine effects are very similar to cocaine effects.

True

Cocaine is a synthetic drug developed during

World War II.

False: Cocaine is derived from the leaves of the coca

bush.

Cocaine abuse was epidemic in the United

States in the 1880s.

True Cocaine was a legal drug in the United States

until the passage of the 1914 Harrison Narcotics Act and was widely abused around the

turn of the century.

Stimulant drugs are often used to treat children who have attention deficit/hyperactivity

disorder.

True: Ritalin, methylphenidate, and other stimulants are widely used in the treatment of

ADHD.

Amphetamine effects are very similar to cocaine

effects.

True: Cocaine and amphetamine are virtually

indistinguishable in their major physical and

behavioral effects.

Overdoses of cocaine, amphetamine, and synthetic cathinones may produce a psychotic state.

True: The stimulant psychosis resembles paranoid

schizophrenia.

Synthetic analogs of methcathinone are often

sold under the name of "bath salts."

True: Mephedrone and other synthetic cathinones

are sold as "bath salts" and "plant food."

Crack is a smokable form of amphetamine.

False: Crack is smokable cocaine.

The most common withdrawal symptom associated with cocaine is depression.

True: Depression following cocaine use is referred

to as the "cocaine blues."

Stimulant drugs enhance learning and intellectual performance.

False: Experimental evidence shows that stimulants

may impair learning ability and complex reasoning performance.

One difference between cocaine and the

amphetamines is that cocaine has a longer duration of action.

False: Amphetamine effects last from 4 to 12 hours,

whereas cocaine is a relatively short acting

drug.

Severe physical withdrawal symptoms follow

heavy cocaine use.

False: Cocaine produces no major physical withdrawal symptoms.

Cocaine and amphetamines act by blocking the reuptake of endorphins.

False: Cocaine and amphetamines block dopamine reuptake.

Anorectic Effects

Causing one to lose appetite; suppression of eating.

Bath Salts

A psychoactive "designer drug" that is synthesized from various amphetamine-like chemicals and can

be inhaled, swallowed,

smoked, or injected.

Crack

A freebase cocaine produced by mixing cocaine salt with baking soda and water. The solution is then heated, resulting in brittle sheets of cocaine that are "cracked" into small smokable chunks or "rocks."

Formication Syndrome

Symptoms of itching and

feeling as if insects were

crawling under skin, caused by cocaine and

amphetamine.

State-Dependent Learning:

When learning under the

influence of a drug is best recalled when one is in the same "state."

Stimulant Psychosis

Paranoid delusions and

disorientation resembling the symptoms of paranoid

schizophrenia, caused by prolonged use or overdose of cocaine and/or amphetamine.

According to CDC data reported in the textbook, what was the estimated cost of smoking to the U.S. economy in 2012, combined direct medical costs and decline in productivity?

over $300 billion

Which of the following contributes to the damage that occurs due cigarette smoking?

Carbon Monoxide, Tar, and Nicotine.

Low-tar, low-nicotine cigarettes are less damaging to health than cigarettes that do no have reduced tar and nicotine content.

False

According to the book, what is the ratio between men and women among the prevalence rates of smokeless tobacco in the past month, 2015 data, ?

10:1

Tobacco was once thought to have major medical value.

True

What is a disease of the lung characterized by abnormal dilution of its air spaces and distension of its walls, frequently impairing heart action?

Emphysema

Despite the media hype, passive smoking actually poses a serious health risk to only a few Americans.

False

What are the acute effects of Nicotine on the CNS and ANS?

Nicotine tends to have stimulant effects at lower doses and more depressant effects at higher doses.

Many people who quit smoking do so on their own.

True: Many people who quit smoking do so on their own after three or four tries. Self-quitters are thought to have been "lighter" smokers.

Throughout the age ranges, men have higher smoking rates than women do.

False: Rates are higher for men in the 18- to 25-year-old range and less so among those 26 and

older. Rates for boys and girls in the 12- to

17-year-old range differ little.

The prevalence of smokeless tobacco use among men is about three times that of use among women.

False: The discrepancy is over 10-fold; men use

smokeless tobacco products far more than

women do.

Nicotine can be considered both a stimulant and a depressant.

True: Nicotine is called a biphasic drug because it

tends to act as a stimulant at lower doses, but it acts as a depressant at higher doses.

When using commercial tobacco products, people reach the peak blood level of nicotine most quickly by using smokeless tobacco.

False: The quickest way to reach the peak blood

level for a dose of nicotine is by inhalation

or smoking.

Though psychological dependence is common, no cases of physical dependence on nicotine have been identified.

False: Nicotine has been identified clearly as a drug on which users can become physically dependent.

Nicotine's calming effects are a main reason for its use.

True: Even at doses associated with stimulant action in the body, users often perceive nicotine to have calming effects. Such effects are identified as major reasons for continuing to use nicotine.

Nicotine plays a secondary role to learning and social factors in maintaining tobacco use.

False: Nicotine plays a substantial, and some think a major, role; learning and social factors are important too.

Health damage from cigarette smoking cost the U.S. economy about $25 billion in 2012.

False: The health care cost estimate is $170 billion.

Low-tar, low-nicotine cigarettes are less damaging to health than cigarettes that do not have reduced tar and nicotine content.

False: Although this is theoretically true, in practice, smokers tend to increase the intensity of inhaling or the number of cigarettes when they smoke cigarettes of reduced tar and nicotine content. Therefore, exposure to these compounds is similar to what it would be with cigarettes of unreduced content.

Despite the media hype, passive smoking actually poses a serious health risk to few Americans.

False: Of the 480,000 deaths attributable to smoking in 2014 according to the CDC, 41,000 about

8.5% were due to passive smoking.

Emphysema

Disease of the lung characterized by abnormal dilution of its air spaces and distension of its walls. Frequently, heart action is impaired.

Nicotine Poisoning

A consequence of nicotine overdose characterized by palpitations, dizziness, sweating, nausea, or

vomiting.

Relapse

A term from physical dis-

ease; return to a previous state of illness from one or health. As applied to smoking, it means the smoker resumes smoking after having abstained for some amount of time.

Caffeine crosses into the placenta and poses a major danger to the health of a fetus.

False: The latest evidence is that typical doses of caffeine consumption by mothers pose little health risk to the fetus.

According to the chart on pp. 181-182, which of the following has the highest caffeine concentration mg/oz?

SPIKE Shooter an energy drink

In what region was the kola nut originally found?

West Africa

Caffeine is a drug that, when consumed, is distributed equally throughout the body.

True: Because caffeine is equally distributed in

total body water, it has similar concentrations

throughout the body.

Caffeine's stimulant effects seem to be reinforcing in humans.

True: Caffeine's acute effects of mood elevation and overall improvement in task performance seem to be reinforcing to humans.

According to Table 8.4 on p. 197, what is the preferred compound to create coronary dilation?

theophylline in tea

According to the best data available, caffeine in some form is used by what percentage of the world's general population?

Nearly 50%

The half-life of caffeine in the blood varies widely among people and ranges from

3 to 7 hours

Caffeine seems to be a safe drug for everybody.

False: Although caffeine is a relatively safe drug

overall, some individuals are advised to reduce its use. One example is people with

anxiety disorders.

Smokers tend to metabolize caffeine more slowly than do nonsmokers.

False: Studies show that smokers metabolize caffeine more quickly than do nonsmokers.

An estimated 90% of the world's population consumes caffeine regularly.

False: An estimated 90% of the world's population

consumes caffeine regularly.

There are major subgroup differences in caffeine use in the United States.

False: There are few subgroup differences in caffeine consumption, except for age.

In dose of caffeine consumed, young children have the highest exposure to caffeine, after adults aged 18 and older.

True: When body weight is taken into account,

children aged 1 to 5 have the highest caffeine exposure after adults.

So many people use coffee and tea without apparent difficulty that people obviously do not become physically dependent on caffeine.

False: Caffeine withdrawal syndrome has been clearly identified.

There is evidence that people can get intoxicated on caffeine.

True: Acute caffeine intoxication, also called caffeinism, has been well documented. It is most

likely to occur when 600 mg or more of caffeine are consumed in a day.

Caffeine has little medical value.

False: Caffeine and the other methylxanthine drugs are in medications used to treat a variety of

medical problems.

Caffeine's long-term effects on children are well understood.

False: Despite the high consumption of caffeine by children, little is known about the chronic

effects of their use of this drug. It is a major

research area for the future.

What organ does most of the metabolizing of caffeine?

The Liver

What organ excretes caffeine?

The kidneys do almost all of the excreting of caffeine

Humans have consumed alcohol between 6000 b.c. and 5000 b.c.

True: Humans indeed have consumed alcohol since between 5,000 and 6,000 years before the

time of Christ.

In the United States in 1830, adults' average alcohol consumption was about five drinks a day.

True: Americans in the early 19th century were

prodigious consumers of alcohol.

The highest rates of heavy drinking, and thus the greatest vulnerability to drinking problems, are in men between the ages of 40 and 45.

False: The highest rates are in younger men, ages 18 to 25.

It is difficult to consume a lethal dose of alcohol.

False: It is all too easy. The LD 50 of alcohol in

humans is about equal to drinking a fifth, 25.3 oz, of whiskey in an hour. This is not

too hard to do, and it has been done with

dire consequences during events such as fraternity hazings.

If not treated properly, alcohol withdrawal syndrome can be fatal.

True: Because of the availability of drugs that

show cross-dependence with alcohol, medical

management of alcohol withdrawal is generally straightforward. Nevertheless, it is a serious medical condition; if not treated

properly or at all, alcohol withdrawal can

be fatal.

Alcohol is a drug that has no legitimate medical value.

False: Although alcohol is hardly the elixir people once thought it was, it does have legitimate therapeutic uses, such as in medicinal compounds taken orally or applied externally.

If you drink a lot and black out, it means you have lost consciousness.

False: Blackouts are the loss of memory for events that occur while under the influence of a

drug, in this case, alcohol. A drinker who

experiences a blackout is fully conscious when non-recalled events happen.

Alcohol causes violent behavior.

False: Alcohol is correlated with the occurrence of violent behavior, but cognitive, social, and environmental factors must also be used to

explain the alcohol-violence association.

Alcohol improves sexual performance.

False: Pharmacologically, alcohol impairs sexual

performance, particularly when BACs reach 0.05% and higher. However, people may

perceive that the use of alcohol is associated

with greater sexual arousal and better sexual performance.

The cognitive deficits that seem to occur in some people as a result of years of heavy drinking are reversible.

True: At least when there is not severe structural

damage to the brain, as in Korsakoff's syndrome, many of the cognitive deficits that

may occur are reversible with prolonged

abstinence from alcohol.

The majority of individuals with severe alcohol use disorder eventually develop cirrhosis of the liver.

False: Some, but only a minority of about 10% to

20% of chronic heavy drinkers, certainly do

develop cirrhosis.

Moderate drinking, one to three drinks a day, is associated with a reduced risk of heart disease.

True: Research has shown that moderate use of alcohol is correlated with reduced risk of heart disease.

Blackout

Failure to recall events that occurred while drinking even though there is no loss of consciousness.

Confabulation

A fabrication of events, when asked questions concerning them, because of an inability to recall.

Distillation

The process by which the heating of a fermente mixture increases its alcohol content.

Disulfiram

A drug that interferes with the metabolism of alcohol so that people soon feel very ill if they drink while on a regimen of disulfiram. The drug may be used as part of a treatment program for alcohol dependence.

Intoxication

A transient state of physical and psychological disruption caused by the presence

of a toxic substance, such as alcohol, in the CNS.

Long-Term Memory

Memory for remote events. According to one theory of memory, information enters

long-term memory through short-term memory.

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Inhibitors

Drugs used to treat depressions that inhibit the activity of the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which degrades the neurotransmitters of norepinephrine and serotonin.

Neuropsychological Tests

Formal ways of measuring behavioral functions that may be impaired by brain

lesions.

Orientation To Time

Awareness of temporal

specification, such as time of day, day of the week, or year. Orientation to time

is one of the functions

assessed in a psychiatric

mental status exam.

Proof

The proportion of alcohol in a beverage, by volume Proof typically is used in reference to distilled

spirits and equals twice the percentage of alcohol.

Pylorospasm

The shutting of the pylorus valve that occurs in some people when they drink very large quantities of alcohol.

REM Sleep

Acronym for "rapid eye

movements," which are

associated with dream

activity and are one stage in a cycle of sleep.

Short-Term Memory

Memory for recent events; thought to differ from long-term memory in several important ways.

Social Detoxification

Treatment of alcohol withdrawal without the use of medicine.

Standard Drink

The alcohol equivalent in

a drink of beer, wine, or

distilled spirits. A standard drink equals 0.5 ounce of alcohol—about the alcohol content in 12 ounces of beer, 4 ounces of table wine, or 1 ounce of 90- to

100-proof whiskey.

Teratology

in biology, the study of monsters, or distortions in growth

Typically, fermented beverages have an alcohol content no higher than __%

15

A standard drink equals how much alcohol?

.5 oz

According to Table 9.3, p. 217, what are some symptoms of the end of the withdrawal course?

exhaustion and severe dehydration