Biology Final Exam part 2

new material, review sheets

which structures are part of the inspiration process

lungs, larynx, trachea, and bronchioles

which of the following are parts of inspiration

the rib cage moves up and out, the intercostal muscles pull the ribs outward, and the diaphragm contracts and moves down

the respiratory system is responsible for

oxygen entering the body and carbon dioxide leaving the body

what do inspiration and expiration have in common

they both use the same pathways

identify the structure in the brain that controls the rhythm of ventilation

medulla oblongata

which statement describes the role of the respiratory system

to ensure that oxygen enters the body while carbon dioxide leaves

which part of the respiratory system is composed of skeletal muscle

diaphragm

which respiratory structure is used to produce sound

larynx

which part of the respiratory system carries out gas exchange

lungs

which structure connects the larynx to the bronchial tree

trachea

which term refers to air being conducted from the lungs to the atmosphere

expiration

which part of the lower respiratory tract integrates the respiratory system with the cardiovascular system

lungs

which part of the lower respiratory tract would you find goblet cells

trachea

what structure holds open the trachea and upper bronchial tree

cartilaginous rings

what encloses the lungs and attaches them to the inside of the thoracic cavity

pleurae

what diffuses from the air in the alveoli into the blood

oxygen

the amount of air the moves in and out with each breath is called the

tidal volume

if you force inspiration, how much more air than the tidal volume can you breathe in

about six times the volume

which of the following can add an additional 2,900 ml of air into the lungs

inspiration reserve volume

during respiration, what is the additional amount of air that can be exhaled form the lungs during an extra-deep breath called? the usual volume is around 14,000 ml

expiratory reserve volume

the vital capacity is equal to the

maximum amount of air that can be moved in and the maximum amount that can be moved out during a single breath

when the pH of the blood becomes more acidic, the respiratory center

increases the rate and depth of breathing

which of the following structures will not contain chemoreceptors for blood pH

pulmonary vein

carotid bodies and aortic bodies detect

blood pH

how are internal and external respiration alike

both involve an exchange of gases

carbon dioxide is carried in the plasma as

bicarbonate ions

moves O2 and CO2 between the lungs and body tissue

gas transport

moves air in and out of the lungs

breathing or ventilation

exchange of the O2 and CO2 between the blood and body tissues

internal transport

exchange of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and blood

external respiration

involves the upper and lower respiratory tracts

breathing or ventilation

occurs at the level of the body tissue

internal respiration

involves the blood in its transport

gas transport

how are the nervous system and the endocrine system alike

they both regulate the activities of other systems

which of the following statements about hormones is true

hormones are carried by the bloodstream, it takes time to deliver hormones to the cells, the effects of hormones are long lasting, and hormones are targeted to specific organs within the body

which statement is associated withe the endocrine glands

their secretions are transported into the bloodstream

which of the following is a feature of endocrine glands

they secrete directly into the bloodstream

which of the following organs also produce hormones as a secondary function of the organ

heart

which pairing of endocrine gland and hormones is correct

pineal gland; melatonin

why is the pancreas both an endocrine and exocrine gland

because it produces at least one hormone that is secreted into the bloodstream and one that is delivered through a duct

steroid hormones are derived from from what molecule

cholesterol

peptide hormones

bind to a receptor in the plasma membrane

damage to or a tumor on which organ would lead to a disruption of the nervous and endocrine system

hypothalamus

which of the following hormones is controlled by positive feedback

oxytocin

iodine items are part of the chemical structure of the hormones produced by what gland

thyroid

what are the hormones in which iodine is part of the chemical structure

T3 and T4 thyroxine and triiodothyronine

what hormone is produced by the parathyroid gland

parathyroid hormone PTH

what does the parathyroid hormone produce a rise in the blood of

calcium ions

which of the following is not involved in blood calcium homeostasis

posterior pituitary

which of the following is produced by the adrenal glands

epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids

the adrenal medulla controls the short-term response to stress by

raising blood glucose levels

which structure provides a long-term response to stress

adrenal cortex

which of the following is a result of mineralocorticoid release

blood volume and pressure increase

the secretion of which hormones qualities the pancreas as an endocrine gland

insulin and glucagon

which of the following is a glucocorticoid

cortisol

what pancreatic hormone stimulates the uptake of glucose by cells

insulin

when insulin is secreted, what happens

glucose is taken up by the cells

what is the function of melatonin

control the sleep wake cycle

which of the following secretes erythropoietin

kidney

which hormone trigger satiety

leptin

which of the following is the ability of the digestive system to break down macromolecules into smaller units

hydrolysis

the digestive system consists of a series of tissues surrounding a hollow space called the

lumen

chemical and mechanical digestion begins in the

mouth

digestion is completed and products are absorbed in the

small intestine

this accessory gland provides water, mucus, and enzymes to the mouth

salivary glands

bile

emulsifies fats

which of the following nutrients are loaded into chylomicrons and transported by the lymphatic system following digestion

fats

after triglycerides are absorbed, they leave the cell and move into the

lacteals

this structure blocks the opening to the respiratoy system during swallowing

epiglottis

which of the following enzymes is matched to its correct nutrient

amylase - starch; lipase - fats and lipids; protease - proteins

which of the following is not a function of the liver in adults

makes red blood cells

the large intestines

absorbs water

which of these is not found in the renal medulla

renal corpuscle

the majority of the nephron, including the glomerulus, is located in what region of the kidney

renal cortex

which of the following materials would not normally be filtered form the blood at the glomerulus

proteins

sodium is actively extruded from which part of the nephron

descending portion of the proximal convoluted tubule; descending portion of the collecting duct

the presence of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) causes an individual to excrete

less water

kidneys return water and small solutes to blood by

reabsorption

the function of erythropoietin is

stimulation of red blood cell production

enhances sodium reabsorption

aldosterone

water and small solutes enter nephrons during

reabsorption

kidneys help regulate blood pH by all of the following except

regulation water volume to increase or decrease the hydrogen ions in the urine

where protein digestion begins

stomach

where water is reabsorbed

large intestine

where most digestion is completed

small intestine

receives blood carrying absorbed nutrients

liver

secretes substances that moisten food, start starch digestion

salivary glands

list the 4 layers of the wall of the digestive tract from the lumen outwards

mucosa; submucosa; muscularis; serosa

physical breaking food into smaller pieces is known as ________ digestion

mechanical

some _______ secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and some secrete intrinsic factor

gastric glands

breaking of chemical bonds so that complex molecules are broken down into smaller subunits is know as ________ digestion

chemical

the ________ begins mechanical digestion, begins chemical digestion, monitors food quality, and prepares (moistens and manipulates) food for swallowing

mouth

the nonliving portion of the tooth that covers the crown is

enamel

the ________ is the passageway shared by respiratory and digestive systems

pharynx

the ________ is the muscular tube that transports food form pharynx to stomach

esophagus

the ________ is j shaped expandable sac with band of circular muscle (sphincter) guards at each end, and its wall has three layers of smooth muscle

stomach

the three regions of the small intestine in order from stomach to cecum

duodenum; jejumun; ileum

carbohydrate digestion occurs in the

mouth and small intestine

protein digestion occurs in the

stomach and small intestine

lipid digestion occurs in the

small intestine