cold war

Stalin

1940-53

Khrushchev

1955-64

Secret speech

Roosevelt

1940-45

Tehran and Yalta conferences

Truman

1945-53

Truman doctrine

Marshall plan

Berlin Airlift

Eisenhower

1953-61

Churchill

1940-45

Iron curtain speech

Atlee

UK Prime minister after Churchill

Present at Potsdam conference

Rakosi

1949-56

Hungarian dictator (”Stalin’s best pupil”)

Nagy

1953-58

Liberal Hungarian leader

Grand Alliance

1941-45

USA, USSR and UK against common enemy (Germany)

Tehran conference

28th Nov 1943

Attended by Roosevelt, Churchill + Stalin

Relations improved

decisions made at Tehran

USA and UK open second front to attack Nazis from East

USSR declare war on Japan

UN will be set up

USSR sphere of influence in Eastern Europe

UK and US sphere of influence in Western Europe

disagreements

USSR wanted Germany to be punished whereas USA and UK wanted to rebuild Germany

Yalta conference

Roosevelt, Churchill + Stalin

4th Feb 1945

Stalin and Roosevelt’s relations improved but Roosevelt died

decisions made at Yalta

Defeat Japan after defeating Hitler

Communist government set up in Poland

Democracy in Europe

UN set up

Germany and Berlin will be divided into 4

Nazi war criminals would be tried

disagreement at Yalta

fine of 20 billion USD on Germany put forward

Stalin saw Poland as his buffer zone and promised free elections

USA and USSR couldn’t agree on definition of democracy

Potsdam conference

Truman, Atlee and Stalin

17th July 1945

Relations weakened

decisions at Potsdam

Ban and dissolve Nazi party

Remove Nazis from important positions

Nazis on trials

Free elections, press and speech in Germany

Germany reduced by quarter of its size

Germans living in Eastern Europe transferred to Germany

Germany and Berlin divided into 4

• USA, France, UK, USSR

Germany demilitarised

disagreements at Potsdam

USSR wanted Germany to be punished whereas USA and UK wanted to rebuild Germany

USSR part was poorer

• West agreed USSR could have a quarter of their industrial equipment

• this would be paid with raw materials from East Germany

West agreed Stalin could have government of both capitalists and communists in Poland

• Stalin was not keeping his word

Truman postponed conference to work on atomic bomb

got a bit cocky and thought he could boss around Stalin

Potsdam consequences

West and East had nothing to agree on after defeating Germany

Stalin threatened by atomic bomb

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

6th August - Hiroshima

9th August - Nagasaki

300k instantly burned from both bombs

consequences of hiroshima and nagasaki

Arms race began

WW2 ended 14th August

Stalin wanted buffer zone in Eastern Europe

Relations weakened

Churchill’s iron curtain speech

1946

Highlighted capitalist west vs communist east in Europe

consequences of Churchill’s iron curtain speech

Alliance over

Relations weakened

long telegram

1946

Kennan reported to Truman Stalin called for destruction of capitalism + USSR is building up its military

consequences of long telegram

Containment policy

Truman doctrine

Marshall plan

Relations weakened

Novikov telegram

1946

Novikov reported to Stalin: After Roosevelt’s death USA no longer interested in working with USSR

USA wanted to dominate world

American public being prepared for war with USSR

consequences of Novikov telegram

Cominform

Comecon

Relations weakened

Truman doctrine

1947

World had choice between communism and democracy

America had responsibility to fight when threatened

America would send troops and economic aid to governments threatened by communism

Communism needs to be contained

consequences of Truman doctrine

Divided world into two

No cooperation between West + East

Relations weakened

Marshall plan

1947

America provide $13billion to European countries still suffering from WW2

• Hoped capitalism would be appear more attractive

Countries not poor enough for aid trade freely with America

consequences of Marshall plan

Stalin said countries in his sphere of influence could not accept aid

• Referred to it as “Dollar Imperialism”

Stalin created satellite states

Europe divided into two political + economic camps

Power to USA

Relations weakened

Stalin’s satellite states 1944

Poland rebelled against Germany

When rebellion crushed, USSR invaded and put communist government in place

Stalin’s satellite states 1946

Bulgaria became one party state

Romanian Communist Part won by huge majority

Stalin’s satellite states 1949

Communist government set up in Czechoslovakia after opponent found dead

consequences of forming satellite states

Iron curtain/two camps

Cominform

1947

International organisation representing communist parties across Europe

• USSR, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Yugoslavia, France, Italy

Got rid of opposition to Soviet rule in satellite states

Encouraged communist parties in Western countries to block Marshall Plan

consequences of Cominform

Relations weakened

Bizonia

1947 USA and UK zones of Germany were ran as one zone

Trizonia when French side joined along

Relations weakened as Stalin was not consulted

consequences of Bizonia

West was a democracy whilst the East was not

New currency for West side (deutschmark)

Stalin did not want USA to have more influence in Germany nor have troops

West side was richer

• Stalin worried communism would look weak

Berlin Blockade

Berlin Blockade

1948-9

1948 Stalin set up military blockade around West Berlin

Relations weakened

aims of Berlin Blockade

Wanted to push West out of capital

Wanted to cut off West from capital so East looked better off

• Wanted to prove officially divided Germany would not work

Berlin Airlift

Truman transported supplies to West Berlin

USA committed 70 large planes sending 6-700 tonnes of food every day

Soon increased to 1000 tonnes every day

New runway built in West Berlin

consequences of Berlin Airlift

Made capitalists look wealthy

Stalin looked like aggressor

Berlin blockade ended 1949

West Germany became Federal Republic of Germany

East became German Democratic Republic

First military confrontation in Europe

• NATO formed

Iron curtain/two camps

Relations weakened

NATO formed

1949

An attack on any NATO country is an attack on whole of NATO

“Keep USA in and USSR out”

consequences of NATO

Iron curtain/two camps

Relations weakened

Comecon

1949

Minimised American influence in East

Build up trade links between Comecon countries

consequences of Comecon

Iron curtain/two camps

Power to USSR

Relations weakened

Arms race 1945

USA develop atomic bomb

Arms race 1949

USSR develop atomic bomb

Arms race 1952

USA develop hydrogen bomb

Arms race 1953

USSR develop hydrogen bomb

Arms race 1957

USA launches first inter-continental ballistic missile (ICBM)

USSR soon launches

Significance of Arms race

prevented war in Europe

Warsaw Pact

USSR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania and East Germany

Joint armed force

An attack on any of its countries is an attack on everyone

West Germany joined NATO in 1955

• Soviet scared of armed, powerful Germany on their borders

consequences of Warsaw Pact

Increased Soviet influence in East

More Soviet troops in East

Iron curtain/two camps

Hungary under Stalin

Hungarian land distributed to other Eastern countries

Citizens deprived of own food because coal, oil and wheat shipped to USSR

Non communist parties abolished

USSR officials controlled government, police, army

Popular leaders and supporters executed

Rakosi

1949-56

Got rid of his opposition by imprisoning 387k and killing over 2k

Destalinisation

1956 Khrushchev gave Secret speech promising end of Stalinism throughout Soviet sphere of influence

Nagy put in as Hungarian leader

Hungarian uprising

consequence of Destalinisation

1956

Nagy’s reforms

Hungary leave Warsaw Pact

Communist government ends

Become Western Style democracy

Ask UN for protection against USSR

• USA couldn't support this as it’d become NATO vs Warsaw Pact

consequences of Hungarian uprising

Khrushchev set example for other Eastern countries so Nagy executed in 1958

• Other uprisings discouraged

Soviets reasserted control

USA offered 20million in food and medical aid

USSR looked stronger

• became more confident in opposing USA as they now know USA will not take military action

Khrushchev

1955-64

Present at Geneva, Camp David, Paris and Vienna summits

Berlin ultimatum, Berlin wall

Cuban Missile Crisis

Brezhnev

1968-82

Prague Spring

Invasion of Czechoslovakia

Brezhnev Doctrine

Eisenhower

1953-61

Present at Geneva + Camp David summit

JFK

1961-63

Present at Vienna summit

Bay of Pigs

Cuban missile crisis

Fidel Castro

Led Cuban revolution

Communist leader of Cuba

Novotny

1957-68

Stalinist Czechoslovakia leader

Dubcek

1964-68

Liberal Czechoslovakia leader

Prague Spring

Brain drain

1949-61

2.7million East Germany refugees/defectors moved to the west

• many of these defectors were well educated doctors, engineers etc.

consequences of Brain drain

Difficult for Khrushchev to prove Soviet better than west

Berlin Ultimatum

27th November 1958

Berlin should be demilitarised + become a free city

Western troops withdrawn

Khrushchev would give control of all routes into Berlin to East German government

• would force West to recognise East Germany as official country

Geneva summit

May 1959

Eisenhower and Khrushchev

disagreements at Geneva

Unable to agree on solution

Camp David, USA summit

September 1959

Eisenhower and Khrushchev

decisions at Camp David

Soviets drop ultimatum

Relations improved

disagreements at Camp David

Unable to agree about Berlin

U2 Crisis

May 1960

USA spy plane shot down in USSR

• USA claimed they were looking at the weather

consequences of U2 Crisis

Khrushchev used USA’s lie to embarrass them

Relations weakened

Paris Summit

May 1960

Eisenhower and Khrushchev

Relations weakened

disagreements at Paris Summit

Khrushchev walked out when Eisenhower refused to apologise for U2 crisis

September 1960, East Germany forced West Berliners to travel via police pass

Vienna Summit

June 1961

JFK and Khrushchev

disagreements at Vienna Summit

USA not backing down

Khrushchev said there’ll be war if USA do not withdraw troops from Berlin within 6 months

Khrushchev considering to give control of all routes into Berlin to East German government

consequences of Vienna summit

USA spends additional $3.2billion on defence

$207million on nuclear fallout shelters

Relations weakened

Berlin Wall

Night of 12th August 1961

East German troops secretly erected barbed wire fence around whole of West Berlin

consequences of Berlin Wall

Ended refugee crisis

Khrushchev avoids war with USA while still appearing strong

Powerful symbol of division in Germany + division in Europe

300 killed trying to cross wall

JFK increased US budget 3 time in next 2 years

Relations weakened

Arms race

USA had B52 bombers which could drop nuclear weapons on USSR

Arms race 1957

USSR made first man made satellite

Arms race 1960

USSR launches first spacecraft on moon

Arms race 1961

USSR sends first man to space

USSR has largest H-Bomb

consequences of Arms race

USSR advanced in tech

USA thought rockets used to put satellites up could launch nuclear missiles

Cuban Revolution

1959 Fidel Castro overthrows the pro American government

• Was originally part of USA’s sphere of influence

• Took over American property, phone companies, electricity networks, oil refineries

consequences of Revolution

USA banned import of Cuban sugar

• threatened bankruptcy on Cuba

USSR offered economic aid, military assistance

• Khrushchev liked having ally in USA’s sphere of influence

Bay of Pigs

1961

USA trained Cuban exiles living in USA for invasion of Cuba

USA’s defeat

JFK assumed Castro’s government was unpopular so he though Cuban people would join him in overthrowing Castro

USA force defeated in 2 days

volunteers had little experience

USA could not send ground forces or they’d look like aggressors

Castro found out and sent 20k Cuban soldiers

Cuban people did not join them

consequences of Bay of pigs

USA publicly humiliated

• USA accused USSR of building empire in Eastern Europe now they were doing the same

Communism looked popular as people were happy under Castro

Castro’s popularity increased

Stronger relations between USSR and Cuba

Khrushchev put nuclear weapons on Cuban soil with Castro’s support

Relations weakened

Cuban missile crisis

13 day crisis

Cuban missile crisis 14th October 1962

US spy plane takes photo of Soviet missile bases being built on Cuba

• US had missiles in Italy + Turkey

Cuban missile crisis 16th Oct

JFK informed of Khrushchev’s nuclear weapons in Cuba

• Hawks tell him to do immediate strong action

• Doves suggest to remain peaceful

Cuban missile crisis 20th Oct

JFK imposes naval blockade