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hydrogen bond
weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom
covalent bond
A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons
ionic bond
Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
Cohesion
Attraction between molecules of the same substance
Adhesion
An attraction between molecules of different substances
surface tension
A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
capillary action
the attraction of the surface of a liquid to the surface of a solid
universal solvent
Water- due to its polarity and ability to dissolve many different solutes
lower density of ice
water molecules in an ice crystal are spaced relatively far apart because of hydrogen bonding
high specific heat
The ability of water to resist changes in temperature.
high heat of vaporization
many hydrogen bonds must be broken for water to evaporate
Marcomolecules
Protein, Nucleic Acid, Carbohydrates, and Lipids.
Hydrophobic
Water fearing
Hydrophilic
Attracted to water
Carbohydrates
the starches and sugars present in foods
Lipids
Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
nucleic acids
macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
Protein
macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair
Monosaccharides
Single sugar molecules
Disaccharide
A double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis.
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides
Glycogen
An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.
Cellulose
polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls and provides short term energy for animals
Benedict's test
test for monosaccharides
Iodine test
Test for starch
Phospholipids
A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.
saturated fatty acid
molecule in lipids in which carbon atoms are bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible
unsaturated fatty acid
a fatty acid whose hydrocarbon chain contains one or more double bonds
tests for lipids
Sudan III, emulsion test, and brown paper bag test
amino acids
monomers of proteins
Denaturation
loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor
Biuret test
A biochemical test for the presence of peptide bonds.
Enzymes
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
Nucleotide
monomers of nucleic acids
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.
RNA
single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
Atom
Smallest particle of an element
Ion
A charged atom
octet rule
States that atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons
Solvent
A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
Solute
the substance that is dissolved
Solution
A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.
Electronegativity
A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons
organic compounds
Compounds that contain carbon
Polymer
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.
Monomer
A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers
Chitin
A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.
catalyst
substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Digestion enzymes
Chemicals that change certain kinds of food into a form that can be used by the body
synthesis enzymes
building molecules
Gene
A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
Note 
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