Studied by 24 people
What Act affected universities with Apartheid regulations
Extension of University Education Act 1959
What were the two major universities in South Africa
University of the North (Turfloop)
Fort Hare
What did Turfloop become for the students of South Africa
A melting pot, linguistically, ethically and politically
By the end of the 1960s what were the Universities
Increasingly politicised
In the 1960s how many African people professed Christianity
Well over 2 million
What impacted the Students at Universities through newspapers, books and talks
North American civil rights success, militant Christianity of Martin Luther King, black power slogans
What is NUSAS
National Union of South African Students
What did Steve Biko’s University refuse to allow black students to do?
Stay in residences on campus or use other facilities
What does SASO stand for
South African Students Organization
Who founded SASO, when and where was it founded
1969, Turfloop, Steve Biko
What is Liberation Theology
A religious school of thought that argues religion must take a leading role in struggles against social and political oppressionq
What ideas made up SASO’s way of thinking
Afrikanist ideas from ANC Youth League and PAC
Liberation Theology
African Nationalism
American Black Power
What did the new movement and views get called
Black Consciousness
What did Black Consciousness aim to ensure black people did
That they were “Self-Defined” and not defined by others
What did the use of the word “black” in Black Consciousness challenge
Negative terms such as “non-white” and “nie-blanke”
What did Apartheid Universities like Fort Hare and Turfloop allow black students
They didn’t have to compete for political spaces on campus with white students
They didn’t have to interact daily with white students
How did SASO manage to maintain a strong presence on Black University Campuses in the 1970s
Influencing or Controlling the Student Representative Councils
What did SASO organise after end of colonial rule in Mozambique in 1974
A mass protest
How many people attended a rally at Turfloop after colonial rule in Mozambique ended
1200
How many people congregated on the sports ground to sing the ANC anthem
700
How did Black Consciousness Movement and the PAC differ
PAC: Mostly migrant workers
BCM: Students and the youth
What did Black Consciousness also help to launch
Community Organisations
Self-help Groups
What did the government decide in 1973 to do with SASO
That it was becoming too dangerous and it should be banned.
What happened to the most prominent leaders of SASO
They were arrested and put on trial under the Terrorism Act. They were dubbed the SASO 9
What was happening to the high schools during the 1970s
They were expanding very quickly
Between 1950 and 1975 what did the number of South African school children increase to and from
1950: 1 million
1975: 3.5 million
What did the huge expansion of school children put pressure on
Buildings and teaching staff
How many students were in classes in Soweto
60
What was the reality for many high school children in Soweto
They were having to face opposition on two fronts: Government and Gangs
What did the high school children have to become
More militant
What did Black Consciousness give high school students
A strong sense of identitiy
In 1974 what did the Transvaal Bantu Education Department do
They expanded the teaching of Afrikaans at African Schools
What was the language of Afrikaans seen as to the students in Soweto
The language of the oppressor. A language of racism
What was the impact of school children having to learn Afrikaans
They now had to learn 2 languages in addition to their first language.
What did SASM do as a response to the new education policies
Organise a protest
Which stadium were the protestors in the Soweto Uprising meant to march to
Orlando Stadium
What happened after the 2000 students marching encountered 50 police at Orlando West School
Stones were hurled
Police released dogs, and fired guns
What was the outcome of the police encounter at Orlando West School
A few people dead and others wounded
How many were killed in the first few days of the protest
138
How many Witts University students marched in sympathy for the riots
300
What else did protests target outside of Liquor Stores
They boycotted white owned businesses.
How many died in total due to the Soweto Uprising
575
In order to avoid arrest how many students fled the country
4000
What happened as a result of Steve Biko being banned
Had to live in Kingwilliamstown
Movements restricted
Not allowed to attend political meetings
How did Biko keep a strong profile after being banned
He kept writing
His ideas were taken up by Donald Woods
What did Biko do in 1977
Biko left Kingwilliamstown breaking his banning order
What happened to Biko while in police custody
He was beaten close to death and rushed 1000km to a prison hospital in Pretoria
When did Biko die
12 September 1977
What did the police claim Biko’s death was
Related to a hunger strike
How many people attended Biko’s funeral
Over 10,000
Where were ANC activities largely focused within Africa
Tanzania and Zambia
The president of which country was sympathetic to the ANC’s cause
Zambia
How many military incursions did the MK attempt
2: Wankie and Sipollo
What happened during the Wankie Incursion in 1967
50 MK tried to create a route through Zimbabwe into South Africa. One of the detachments was largely destroyed by Rhodesian Government Forces
What happened during the Sipollo Incursion in 1968
Resulted in heavy losses.
What happened as a result of the incursions
Fearing South African repercussions Zambia forced the ANC and MK to relocate
What did Tambo take as a response to the military failings
He took personal responsibility
Resigned as president of the ANC
What happened to Tambo after he resigned
He was re-elected without oppostition
What was the “Strategy and Tactics” document that the ANC adopted
Affirmed armed struggle
Stressed political leadership
Stressed political education
Stressed political unity
What happened after an incursion was stopped entering Namibia
ANC military incursions stopped
What kind of man was Oliver Tambo
Quiet but determined. Open to listening
What did Tambo realise the full value of
A multi-racial anti-apartheid movement
What did the British AAM launch in the 1960s
A wider range of boycotts by unions and guilds related to the arts to work alongside sporting sanctions
What was the new campaign called
Stop the Seventy Tour (1969-1970)
What was the first target of the Stop the Seventy Tour
South African rugby tour of Britain and Ireland
What happened to the rugby tour after the demonstrations
Rugby tour was disrupted but not called off
1970 cricket tour was cancelled
South Africa expelled from international test cricket
in 1977 what did Commonwealth countries sign
Gleneagles Agreement
What was the Gleneagles Agreement
Discouraged signatories from playing South Africa in any sporting capacity
What did the 1970 Conservative Government do under Edward Heath
Withdrew Britain from the UN arms boycott
What were the strategies developed by Britain in the 1970s
“Constructive Engagement”
Oversees investors could improve wages and practices for black workers in South Africa
Economic growth would reveal the weaknesses in Apartheid
What did the World Council of Churches do in 1972
Sell its holdings in companies that had interests in South Africa
Who made up the majority of the workers for South Africa’s largest export
Black mine workers
How is one way that that black workers could cause disruption
Trade Unions
What did black workers at PUTCO do in 1972
Went on strike
Who went on strike at a brick factory in Durban
Zulu-speaking migrant workers
How many other factories went on strike following the brick factory strike
150
Who began to make their own trade unions
Former unionists and white student activists
What did the new unions begin to focus mainly on
issues of wages and working conditions
Which group of workers were mainly unorganised
Black workers
What are some examples of new unions that were created
A Sweet Food and Allied workers union
An African Metal and Allied Workers Union
What is FOSATU
Federation of South African Trade Union
Who was included in FOSATU
The new independent unions that felt sufficiently confident
What did COSAS commit it self to
The Freedom Charter
In 1953 who formed the Liberal Party
White activists who were middle and highly educated
How many Liberal Party members split off
11 and formed the Progressive Party
In 1974 how many people voted for the Progressive Party
59000
Who was at the forefront of reorganising white opposition to Apartheid
Slabbert in the United Party
What did Slabbert convince the party they needed to do
Support a universal, non-racial franchise and envisage a black majority
What did Vorster and Botha push forward with the Bantustans
Policy of homelands gaining independence
Which Homelands gained independance
Transkei (1976)
Bophuthatswana (1977)
Venda (1979)
Ciskei (1981)
What were the new independent Homelands
Not recognised by any other countries other than South Africa
How much did Homeland revenues increase by
fourfold. R120 million to R520 million
What was a good deal of the money being put into the Homelands go towards
Expanding bureaucracies and there was a great deal of waste
How many capital cities were built in the new independent homelands
10
Where was a new International Airport built
In Ciskei which was near another international airport in East London
In the 1970s where did half of the homeland’s budgets go
Education, Roads, Health and Agriculture
Where did 5 new universities get created
In rural, marginalised parts of the country to discourage urban migration
What did the building of new universities show
They represented a major investment into the homelands
What happened to rents and services in KwaZulu
They were subsidised by the government
Who refused to hold elections in KwaZulu and rejected independance
Mangosuthu Buthelezi
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