South Africa Chapter 3

Not in the correct order!

What Act affected universities with Apartheid regulations

Extension of University Education Act 1959

What were the two major universities in South Africa

University of the North (Turfloop)

Fort Hare

What did Turfloop become for the students of South Africa

A melting pot, linguistically, ethically and politically

By the end of the 1960s what were the Universities

Increasingly politicised

In the 1960s how many African people professed Christianity

Well over 2 million

What impacted the Students at Universities through newspapers, books and talks

North American civil rights success, militant Christianity of Martin Luther King, black power slogans

What is NUSAS

National Union of South African Students

What did Steve Biko’s University refuse to allow black students to do?

Stay in residences on campus or use other facilities

What does SASO stand for

South African Students Organization

Who founded SASO, when and where was it founded

1969, Turfloop, Steve Biko

What is Liberation Theology

A religious school of thought that argues religion must take a leading role in struggles against social and political oppressionq

What ideas made up SASO’s way of thinking

Afrikanist ideas from ANC Youth League and PAC

Liberation Theology

African Nationalism

American Black Power

What did the new movement and views get called

Black Consciousness

What did Black Consciousness aim to ensure black people did

That they were “Self-Defined” and not defined by others

What did the use of the word “black” in Black Consciousness challenge

Negative terms such as “non-white” and “nie-blanke”

What did Apartheid Universities like Fort Hare and Turfloop allow black students

They didn’t have to compete for political spaces on campus with white students

They didn’t have to interact daily with white students

How did SASO manage to maintain a strong presence on Black University Campuses in the 1970s

Influencing or Controlling the Student Representative Councils

What did SASO organise after end of colonial rule in Mozambique in 1974

A mass protest

How many people attended a rally at Turfloop after colonial rule in Mozambique ended

1200

How many people congregated on the sports ground to sing the ANC anthem

700

How did Black Consciousness Movement and the PAC differ

PAC: Mostly migrant workers

BCM: Students and the youth

What did Black Consciousness also help to launch

Community Organisations

Self-help Groups

What did the government decide in 1973 to do with SASO

That it was becoming too dangerous and it should be banned.

What happened to the most prominent leaders of SASO

They were arrested and put on trial under the Terrorism Act. They were dubbed the SASO 9

What was happening to the high schools during the 1970s

They were expanding very quickly

Between 1950 and 1975 what did the number of South African school children increase to and from

1950: 1 million

1975: 3.5 million

What did the huge expansion of school children put pressure on

Buildings and teaching staff

How many students were in classes in Soweto

60

What was the reality for many high school children in Soweto

They were having to face opposition on two fronts: Government and Gangs

What did the high school children have to become

More militant

What did Black Consciousness give high school students

A strong sense of identitiy

In 1974 what did the Transvaal Bantu Education Department do

They expanded the teaching of Afrikaans at African Schools

What was the language of Afrikaans seen as to the students in Soweto

The language of the oppressor. A language of racism

What was the impact of school children having to learn Afrikaans

They now had to learn 2 languages in addition to their first language.

What did SASM do as a response to the new education policies

Organise a protest

Which stadium were the protestors in the Soweto Uprising meant to march to

Orlando Stadium

What happened after the 2000 students marching encountered 50 police at Orlando West School

Stones were hurled

Police released dogs, and fired guns

What was the outcome of the police encounter at Orlando West School

A few people dead and others wounded

How many were killed in the first few days of the protest

138

How many Witts University students marched in sympathy for the riots

300

What else did protests target outside of Liquor Stores

They boycotted white owned businesses.

How many died in total due to the Soweto Uprising

575

In order to avoid arrest how many students fled the country

4000

What happened as a result of Steve Biko being banned

Had to live in Kingwilliamstown

Movements restricted

Not allowed to attend political meetings

How did Biko keep a strong profile after being banned

He kept writing

His ideas were taken up by Donald Woods

What did Biko do in 1977

Biko left Kingwilliamstown breaking his banning order

What happened to Biko while in police custody

He was beaten close to death and rushed 1000km to a prison hospital in Pretoria

When did Biko die

12 September 1977

What did the police claim Biko’s death was

Related to a hunger strike

How many people attended Biko’s funeral

Over 10,000

Where were ANC activities largely focused within Africa

Tanzania and Zambia

The president of which country was sympathetic to the ANC’s cause

Zambia

How many military incursions did the MK attempt

2: Wankie and Sipollo

What happened during the Wankie Incursion in 1967

50 MK tried to create a route through Zimbabwe into South Africa. One of the detachments was largely destroyed by Rhodesian Government Forces

What happened during the Sipollo Incursion in 1968

Resulted in heavy losses.

What happened as a result of the incursions

Fearing South African repercussions Zambia forced the ANC and MK to relocate

What did Tambo take as a response to the military failings

He took personal responsibility

Resigned as president of the ANC

What happened to Tambo after he resigned

He was re-elected without oppostition

What was the “Strategy and Tactics” document that the ANC adopted

Affirmed armed struggle

Stressed political leadership

Stressed political education

Stressed political unity

What happened after an incursion was stopped entering Namibia

ANC military incursions stopped

What kind of man was Oliver Tambo

Quiet but determined. Open to listening

What did Tambo realise the full value of

A multi-racial anti-apartheid movement

What did the British AAM launch in the 1960s

A wider range of boycotts by unions and guilds related to the arts to work alongside sporting sanctions

What was the new campaign called

Stop the Seventy Tour (1969-1970)

What was the first target of the Stop the Seventy Tour

South African rugby tour of Britain and Ireland

What happened to the rugby tour after the demonstrations

Rugby tour was disrupted but not called off

1970 cricket tour was cancelled

South Africa expelled from international test cricket

in 1977 what did Commonwealth countries sign

Gleneagles Agreement

What was the Gleneagles Agreement

Discouraged signatories from playing South Africa in any sporting capacity

What did the 1970 Conservative Government do under Edward Heath

Withdrew Britain from the UN arms boycott

What were the strategies developed by Britain in the 1970s

“Constructive Engagement”

Oversees investors could improve wages and practices for black workers in South Africa

Economic growth would reveal the weaknesses in Apartheid

What did the World Council of Churches do in 1972

Sell its holdings in companies that had interests in South Africa

Who made up the majority of the workers for South Africa’s largest export

Black mine workers

How is one way that that black workers could cause disruption

Trade Unions

What did black workers at PUTCO do in 1972

Went on strike

Who went on strike at a brick factory in Durban

Zulu-speaking migrant workers

How many other factories went on strike following the brick factory strike

150

Who began to make their own trade unions

Former unionists and white student activists

What did the new unions begin to focus mainly on

issues of wages and working conditions

Which group of workers were mainly unorganised

Black workers

What are some examples of new unions that were created

A Sweet Food and Allied workers union

An African Metal and Allied Workers Union

What is FOSATU

Federation of South African Trade Union

Who was included in FOSATU

The new independent unions that felt sufficiently confident

What did COSAS commit it self to

The Freedom Charter

In 1953 who formed the Liberal Party

White activists who were middle and highly educated

How many Liberal Party members split off

11 and formed the Progressive Party

In 1974 how many people voted for the Progressive Party

59000

Who was at the forefront of reorganising white opposition to Apartheid

Slabbert in the United Party

What did Slabbert convince the party they needed to do

Support a universal, non-racial franchise and envisage a black majority

What did Vorster and Botha push forward with the Bantustans

Policy of homelands gaining independence

Which Homelands gained independance

Transkei (1976)

Bophuthatswana (1977)

Venda (1979)

Ciskei (1981)

What were the new independent Homelands

Not recognised by any other countries other than South Africa

How much did Homeland revenues increase by

fourfold. R120 million to R520 million

What was a good deal of the money being put into the Homelands go towards

Expanding bureaucracies and there was a great deal of waste

How many capital cities were built in the new independent homelands

10

Where was a new International Airport built

In Ciskei which was near another international airport in East London

In the 1970s where did half of the homeland’s budgets go

Education, Roads, Health and Agriculture

Where did 5 new universities get created

In rural, marginalised parts of the country to discourage urban migration

What did the building of new universities show

They represented a major investment into the homelands

What happened to rents and services in KwaZulu

They were subsidised by the government

Who refused to hold elections in KwaZulu and rejected independance

Mangosuthu Buthelezi