Studied by 9 people
Balance of Trade
the difference in value between how much a country imports and how much it exports. By the 1800s, Western nations were using their growing power to weave a web of influence over East Asia, which tilted this in their favor.
Trade Surplus
exporting more than the country imported. China had this when European merchants were restricted to a small area in southern China and China sold them silk, porcelain, and tea, in exchange for gold and silver.
Trade Deficit
Importing more than the country exported. Westerners had this with China, buying more from the Chinese than they sold to them
Opium War
War between Britain and China over trading rights after China outlawed the substance. In 1839, Chinese warships clashed with British merchants, triggering this war. British gunboats, equipped with the latest in firepower, bombarded Chinese coastal and river ports. With outdated weapons and fighting methods, the Chinese were easily defeated. It was the first of a series of trading wars that set a pattern for later encounters between China and the West. Western powers then continued to squeeze China to win additional rights, such as opening more ports to trade and letting Christian missionaries preach in China
Treaty of Nanjing
Treaty that ended the Opium War. Britain made China accept this. It was the first of a series of "unequal treaties" that forced China to give up rights to Western powers. Under the treaty, Britain received a huge indemnity. The British also gained the island of Hong Kong. China had to open five ports to foreign trade and grant British citizens in China extraterritoriality. Finally, the treaty included a "most favored nation" clause. It said that if the Chinese granted rights to another nation, Britain would automatically receive the same rights. Led to other European nations creating Spheres of Influence
Indemnity
payment for losses in war. Britain received this from China in the Treaty of Nanjing
Extraterritoriality
the right to live under their own laws and be tried in their own courts. British citizens were granted these rights in China from the Treaty of Nanjing
Qing Dynasty
Chinese dynasty also known as the Manchus. By the 1800, it was in decline. As poverty and misery increased, peasants rebelled. Taiping Rebellion was one of the most shattering uprisings of China's long history.
Taiping Rebellion
Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China led by Hong Xiuquan. Mission was to create a new dynasty (Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace). As the powerful movement spread, rebels won control of large parts of China. It took the government 15 years and vast sums of money to defeat the rebellion. It caused more than 20 million Chinese fatalities, weakened China’s sovereignty & undermined emperor’s prestige and weakened China’s economy control.
Hong Xiuquan
Taiping Rebellion leader who was a village teacher who had failed the civil service exams several times. Inspired by religious visions, he set himself up as a revolutionary prophet. He wanted to topple the hated Qing dynasty and set up a "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace"-the Taiping. He, who was influenced by both Confucian and Christian teachings, called for radical change. He wanted land reform, community ownership of property, equality, or women and men, and strict morality. He won followers among the poor and outcast
Ci Xi
Chinese empress who surrounded herself with advisers who were deeply committed to Confucian traditions. Dominated Chinese court and policies. Created political and social reforms
Sino-Japanese War
War between China and Japan after Japan pressure on China after Japan modernized rapidly and joined Western imperialists in the competition for a global empire. It ended in disaster for China, with Japan gaining Korea and the island of Taiwan. When the two powers met at the peace table, there was a telling difference in outlook. Japanese officials dressed in Western-style clothing while the Chinese wore traditional robes.
Open Door Policy
A policy proposed by the US in 1899 to keep Chinese trade open to everyone on an equal basis. The imperial powers more or less accepted the idea of this. No one, however, consulted the Chinese about the policy.
Guang Xu
Chinese emperor who launched the Hundred Days of Reform. New laws set out to modernize the civil service exams, streamline government, and encourage new industries. Reforms affected schools, the military, and the bureaucracy. Conservatives soon rallied against the reform effort. The emperor was imprisoned, and the aging empress Ci Xi reasserted control. Reformers fled for their lives
Boxer Uprising
1900 Chinese anti-foreign rebellion where groups of Chinese peasants had formed a secret society, the Righteous Harmonious Fists. Their goal was to drive out the "foreign devils" who were polluting the land with their non-Chinese ways, arrange buildings, machines, and telegraph lines. In late 1899 and throughout 1900, they attacked and killed foreigners across China. In response, the Western powers and Japan organized a multinational force. After taking some losses, this force crushed them and rescued foreigners besieges in Beijing. The empress Ci Xi had at first supported them but reversed her policy as they retreated
Sun Yat-sen
Spokesman of Chinese republic who organized the Revolutionary Alliance to rebuild China on "Three Principles of the People."
The Three Principles of the People
Philosophy of Yixian. The first principle was nationalism, or freeing China from foreign domination. The second was democracy, or representative government. The third was livelihood, or economic security for all Chinese.
Tokugawa
Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences. By 1603, Ieyasu had gained the office of shogun, the top military commander in Japan, ending a long period of lawlessness and chaos in Japan. In 1637, they closed Japan to foreigners, and barred Japanese from traveling overseas, making Japan develop in isolation for 250 years.
Shoguns
top military commanders in Japan
Matthew Perry
American naval commander who sailed a fleet of well-armed ships into Tokyo Bay “gunboat diplomacy.” He carried a letter from the president of the United States. It demanded that Japan open its ports to trade. Japan did not have the ability to defend itself against the powerful United States Navy. In the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854, the shogun Iesada agreed to open three Japanese ports to American ships, where they could take on supplies.
Treaty of Kanagawa
Japan and U.S. treaty where Japan opens three ports to American ships, where they could take on supplies.
Mutsuhito
Japanese emperor during Meiji Restoration. He overthrew the Tokugawa shogun, encouraged modernization, moved the capital of Japan from Kyoto to Toyko.
Meiji Restoration
period of technological and military modernization in Japan; helped Japan become an important military power. The Meiji reformers, who ruled in the emperor's name, were determined to strengthen Japan against the West. The new leaders set out to study Western ways, adapt them to Japanese needs, and eventually protect Japan from having to give in to Western demands.
Tokyo
"Eastern Capital." Shogun's palace in Edo, which was renamed to this. Mutsuhito moved and changed the capital from Kyoto to this.
Diet
a legislature. Japan had this, made up of one elected house and one house appointed by the emperor.
Zaibatsu
powerful banking and industrial families in Japan. To get industries started, the government typically built factories and then sold it to them who developed them further
Homogeneous Society
Society where people shared a common culture and language. This caused it to modernize quickly during the Meiji period
First Sino-Japanese War
War over control of Korea. Although China had far greater resources, Japan had benefited from modernization and won easily. It used Treaty of Shimonoseki to gain Taiwan. Made Japan a world power
Treaty of Shimonoseki
Treaty between China and Japan where Japan gets control of Taiwan and sphere of influence in Korea
Russo-Japanese War
War for power in Korea and Manchuria. Japan's armies defeated Russian troops in Manchuria, and its navy destroyed almost an entire Russian fleet For the first time in modern history, an Asian power humbled a European nation, ending with the Treaty of Portsmouth in 1905, gaining control of Korea and parts of Manchuria, fueling its ambitions in East Asia.
Treaty of Portsmouth
Treaty signed on 1905 between Russia and Japan where Japan gained control of Korea as well as Russia’s sphere of influence in Manchuria and gained parts of Sakhalin Island, Port Arthur
1839
Opium War in China begins
1603
Tokugawa Ieyasu becomes shogun of Japan
1842
Treaty of Nanjing
July 1853
Matthew Perry issues a letter from the president of the United States, demanding that Japan open its ports to trade.
1867
Daimyo and Samurai led a revolt that unseated the shogun and "restored" the emperor, Mutsuhito to power.
1911
Chinese Revolution/End of Dynastic China (Toppled Qing dynasty)
1889
Meiji constitution issued by emperor which set forth the principle that all citizens were equal before the law
1894
Sino-Japanese War
1898
Hundred Days of Reform launched by Guang Xu. Women were also forbidden any political participation and legally were lumped together with minors
1905
Treaty of Portsmouth and Chinese Revolt
1899
Open Door Policy
1900
Boxer Uprising
1910
Japan annexes Korea
Chinese Revolt 1905
Leader was Sun Yat-sen. Nationalist party was Kuomintang. Result was that it overthrew the Qing Dynasty and created the republic of China in 1911
Modernized Army
Written Constitution
Modern Navy
Meiji Reforms
Note 
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