Homeostasis

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32 Terms

1
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what is homeostasis

maintenance of a constant internal environment

2
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why is temperature control important

maintain optimum temperature to ensure enzymes don’t denature, or membrane protein denature either

3
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what is negative feedback

stimulus

change to environment

detects deviation from optimum

collects information and receptors

muscle or glands bring about change

4
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what is thermoregulation

control of temperature, detected by thermoreceptors

5
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when body temperature is too high

endotherms use internally generated heat to maintain body temperature

sweat glands release sweat, evaporates transferring heat energy from skin to environment

arterioles leading to skin capillaries dialate (widen) allowing more blood to flow through the skin

6
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vasodilation

blood vessels in the skin dilate so more blood flows so more heat is lost to the environment

7
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when body temperature is too low

skeletal muscles contract rapidly, require energy from respiration, released as heat

arterioles leading to skin capillaries narrow, less blood flow through the skin and conserve body temperature

8
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vasoconstriction

blood vessel narrow, less heat energy is transferred to the environment

9
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why do we get goosebumps

nerve impulse are sent to hair erector muscles contract, raise skin hairs and traps a layer of insulating air next to the skin

10
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what are ecotherms

depend mainly on external heat sources and their body temperature changes with temperature of the environment, expose themselves to the sun

11
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what is the purpose of negative ffedback

return conditions to optimum

12
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what are examples of homestasis

thermoregulation

blood glucose control

blood pressure

osmoregulation

13
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what are hormones

produced in glands and are secreted directly into the blood. Hormones are proteins

14
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hormones are carried….

to the cells which they act upon, they are complementary to the specific hormone

15
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process of second messenger model

adrenaline binds to transmembrane protein receptor on cell membrane of liver cell

binding of adrenaline causes inactive adenyl cyclase to change shape becoming active.

The enzyme catalyses ATP → cAMP

cAMP acts as second messenger which binds to inactive protein kinase, changing its shape (activate)

catalyses conversion of glycogen to glucose, moves out of liver by facilitated diffusion

16
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what is glycogenisis

conversion of glucose into glycogen (creates glycogen)

17
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what is glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen to glucose (breaks glycogen)

18
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what is gluconeogenisis

production of glucose from sources other than carbohydrate (glyceryl and amino acids)

19
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what does insulin respond to

changes in blood glucose concentrations

20
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how does insulin lower glucose concentrations in blood

change in tertiary structure of glucose transport carrier proteins, be more open allowing more facilitated diffusion of glucose

increase number of carrier proteins responsible for glucose transportation

activation of enzymes that covert glucose to glycogen and fat

21
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the blood glucose concentration is lowered by

increasing rate of absorption of glucose into cells

increasing respiratory rate of cells, increase uptake of glucose from the blood

increasing glycogenisis, rate of conversion of glucose to fat

22
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what does glucagon do

attached to specific protein receptors on cell surface membrane of liver cells. Activating enzymes that convert glycogen to glucose, activating enzymes involved in glyconeogenisis

23
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how is glucagon involved in gluconeogenisis

activates enzymes that convert glycerol/amino acids/ fatty acids into glucose

24
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what does adrenaline do

attaches to protein receptors on cell surface membrane of target cell. It also activates enzymes that cause breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver

25
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what is diabetes

metabolic disorder caused by an inability to control blood glucose concentrations due to lack of insulin/loss of responsiveness to insulin

26
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symptoms of diabetes

going to the toilet a lot, especially at night

being really thirsty

tired

lossing weight

blurred vision

27
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what is type 1 diabetes

body is unable to produce insulin as body attacks beta cells on islet of langerhans on pancreas. happens from childhood

28
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how is type 1 diabetes managed

insulin injections

29
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what is type 2 diabetes

glycoprotein receptors on cells being lost/less responsive to insulin. happens 40 and older

30
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how is type 2 diabetes treated

regulating carbohydrate intake and exercise.

31
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what are biosensors

monitor blood glucose concentrations

32
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what is SMBG

self monitor blood glucose, prevents progression on microvascular (blindness, kidney failure and brain coordination) and macrovascular (coronary heart disease and stroke)