liberal italy 1903-1913

name 5 ways giolitti reformed liberal italy

1. international respect

2. political system

3. economy

4. social policies

5. education

how did giolitti improve international respect?

1. fiat became one of the biggest car producers in europe- founded in turin 1899

2. italy expanded to libya (1912)

3. provided 1/3 of the world’s silk

how much of the world’s silk provided by italy?

1/3

where and when was fiat founded?

turin 1899

how did giolitti increase the stability of the political system?

1. 1903- said he’d stay neutral to strikes and would encourage workers and employers to negotiate peacefully

   • 1904- general strike was called but government stayed neutral leading it to collapsing less than a week later

2. 1912- expanded electorate from 3 million to 8 million by allowing all men over 30 to vote, literate men over 21 and anyone who was in the military

when did giolitti say he would stay neutral to strikes? when was the general strike?

1903- neutral to strikes

1904- general strike, collapsed after a week due to no intervention

how did giolitti help the economy?

• national income rose from 61 billion in 1895 to 92 billion in 1915

• steel production rose from 140,000 in 1900 to 930,000 tonnes in 1913

• milan’s population doubled from 1900 to 1913 (industrialisation)

• wages rose 25% from 1890 to 1913

what did national income rise from in 1895 to 1915?

1895- 61 billion

1915- 92 billion

what did steel production rise from 1900 to 1913?

1900- 140,000 tonnes

1913- 930,000 tonnes

how much did milan’s population grow from 1900-1913?

doubled- led to further industrialisation

how much did wages rise from 1890-1913?

25%

how did giolitti help social policies?

• 1907- limited working hours for women to 12 hours a day

• 1907- children under 12 couldn’t work

• 1907- day of rest introduced

• 1908- old age pensions, maternity care and sick pay introduced

• 1890-1913- wages raised 25%

what social reforms introduced in 1907?

• 1907- limited working hours for women to 12 hours a day

• 1907- children under 12 couldn’t work

• 1907- day of rest introduced

what social reform introduced in 1908?

old age pensions, maternity care and sick pay introduced

how did giolitti reform education?

• 1904, orlando law- compulsory education expanded to 12

• 1911, daneo-credaro law- reformed school system and centralised funding and school managment to the state which helped children up to 12 access education

• attendance rose from 54% to 73% `(but it took 70 years to get it to 90%)- literacy rate rose as a result

when was the orlando law? what did it do?

1904

made education compulsory for up to 12 year olds

whe was the daneo-credaro law? what did it do?

1911

reformed school system

centralised funding and management to state

helped children up to 12 access education

what did attendance rise from? how long to get to 90%

54% to 73%

70 years to raise

literacy rates rose (but very slowly) as a result

name 4 ways italy was social stable or unstable

STABLE:

1. wages grew 25% from 1890-1913

2. working reforms introduced by giolitti

UNSTABLE:

1. 6-7 million spoke italian by 1914 out of 36 million population

2. truancy was the norm in italian schools despite the orlando and daneo-credaro laws. literacy took 50 years to raise

3. rome was the only melting pot in the country- little social mobility

how many people spoke italian in 1914?

6-7 million out of 36 million

where was the only melting pot in italy?

rome

name 5 ways italy was politically stable or unstable

STABLE:

1. catholic church had ended its ban on voting and participating in elections. by 1910, catholics stood for elections in large parts of northern italy

2. gentolini act 1913- liberals won a majority in 1913 election however, it was only due to the pact made with the catholics to get catholic voters. when this became public, anti-clerics stopped voting for the liberals

UNSTABLE:

1. 1913- PSI had their breakthrough year- won 52 seats in the chamber of deputies

2. libyan war split the PSI. those in favour of the war were expelled. PSI became more radical after the war but were seen as treacherous by opponents.

3. 1913- socialist strike in a turin car plant won increased ages. giolitti was seen as weak for allowing this and the leader of the Italian Industrialists League (business organisation) began to fund the nationalist paper- L’Azione Nazionale

4. futurism became more popular which embraced violence, speed and machines in italy. this was not what liberals stood for so led to more nationalist voters

when was the gentolini act?

1913

when did catholics start to stand in elections in northern italy?

1910

when was the PSI’s breakthrough year? how many seats?

1913

52 seats in chamber of deputies

how did the libyan war impact the PSI?

split the party

ones in favour were expelled

the PSI became more radical after this (1911) and opponents saw them as treacherous

when was the socialist strike in turin? what was result?

1913

won some increased wages

Italian Industrialists League (a business organisation) began to fund a nationalist paper called the L’Azione Nazionale

name 4 ways italy was economically stable or unstable

STABLE:

1. manufacturing output rose from 11 billion lire to 22 billion lire from 1896-1913

2. hydroelectricity grew rapidly- 1914, 1m kilowatts were produced- 90% used by industry (makes up for lack of natural resources like coal)

3. national income rose from 61 billion to 92 billion from 1911-1915

4. population in milan doubled from 1900-1913

UNSTABLE:

1. libyan war had been extremely expensive- 1.3 billion lire was spent on it when they had estimated 300 million lire. ruined 10 years of balanced budgets

2. 1901-1911- over 1.5 million people left italy for the USA which created more competition and less workforce

3. 1911- 59% employed adults worked in agriculture

what % of workers in agriculture in 1911?

59%

name 3 ways italy’s agriculture is stable

1. what was protected by a general tariff which was 50% higher than in the uk to produce domestic what production.

   • 1911-1913: 4.6 milion tons produced- 1 mil more than 5 years earlier

2. farm labourers wages in south were 50% higher in 1907 than in 1882

3. gov encouraged land reclamation (e.g. marsh drainage)- state funded 60% of the work and by 1914 350k hectares were improved. 2300 of this was in the south

how much higher was the wheat tariff in the uk?

50%

how many tonnes produced of wheat from 1911-1913?

4.6 million tonnes (1 million more than 5 years earlier)

how many hectares of land improved through government funding? how much funded? how much in the south?

350k by 1914

60% funded by gov

2300 in the south

why did italy want to expand to libya?

• nationalists wanted to expand to the mediterranean- “our sea”- britain and france had expanded there

• controlled by the ottoman empire which was weak and ottomans had moved soldiers to help in yemen

• 1000 italian citizens lived there

• wanted natural resources

• exaggerated how easy it would be

when did italy try to take libya?

september 1911-october 1912

explain the stage of the libyan war

P- PEACEFUL- wanted to peacefully take libya but ottoman’s refused

A- ARMY BLOCKS-navy blocks the sea

R- REACHED COAST- 44,500 troops reached the coast october 1911

S- SOVEREIGNTY- declared sovereignty after they took major towns and cities- november 1911

A- ATTACKED- attacked by libyan and ottoman volunteers using guerilla warfare- italy killed 4000 people and reached stalemate

A- AGREEMENT- decided to reach on agreement with ottomans

L- LET- let italy have libya as a colony but also wanted some control over it

won the war but very slowly and embarrassingly

name 3 strengths of italy in libyan war- short term impacts

libya becomes an italian colony- october 1912

nationalists are happy

naval aspects were done well

name 3 weaknesses of italy in libya- short term impacts

3500 italians dead

resistance to italy until 1930s by sanussi

struggled against guerilla warfare

expected to be 60 mil (30 a month for 2 months) but was actually 1.3 billion (80 mil a month for 16 months)- angered socialists

how many troops landed at the libyan coast in october 1911 ?

44,500

when did italy declare sovereignty over libya?

nov 5th 1911- after taking major towns and cities

what were people from libya called? how did they fight?

sanussi- guerilla warfare

how many did italy kill in libyan war?

4000

how many did libya kill?

3500

when did italy get libya as a colony? what were the terms?

october 1912

ottomans still had some control over it

how much was the libyan war expected to cost? how much did it actually?

expected- 60 mill (30 mil a month for 2 months)

actually- 1.3 billion (80 million a month for 16 months)

10 years of budgets ruined- annoying socialists

who had more soldiers, italy or ottomans?

italy- stronger but struggled against sanussi tactics

name 3 medium term positive impacts of the libyan war

1. more democratic

   extended electorate as a reward for libya- 21 and literate, 30 all men, any men who served in the army → 3 million to 8.5 million. hoped this would lead to liberal votes

2. made libya be seen as a good power

   made up for the battle of adowa a little bit. only took 3 weeks to get major towns- speed was impressive

3. national service

   created national identity and helped to spread italian language and created more social mobility

name 3 medium term negative impacts of the libyan war

1. alliance between psi and liberals- avanti! called for strikes and was annoyed because it cost them lots of money (30m x 2 expected / 80m x 16 reality)

2. liberals had to rely on catholic votes which led to the gentolini pact being formed- when this came out giolitti had to resign due to anti-clerical backlash

3. 4% increase vote for socialists- showed lack of support for liberals after difficult win

4. more people started to listen to nationalist association with condemned giolitti and the liberals- wanted more expansion. people lost faith in liberals due to how long it took

what % increase in votes for socialists after libyan war

4%

what did people start to listen to more after libyan war if they wanted more expansion?

nationalist association which condemned liberals for libya being so slow

name 3 reasons giolitti fell from power

1. libyan war

2. socialism/PSI

3. other (voting and gentolini pact)

4. political weaknesses

how did the libyan war cause giolitti to fall from power? (3)

1. catholics became more patriotic and merged with the nationalists. 1914- catholic nationalist alliance won rome’s local government

2. psi opposed libyan war and the party became split because of it. people who supported it were expelled. by 1912, more revolutionary socialists became in charge of the party- more of a threat

3. economic blow made people angry at the liberals with how much the libyan war actually cost (1.3 billion)

how did socialism caused giolitti to fall from power? (1)

1. PSI votes grew from 19% (1909) to 23% (1913) but liberals stayed as the majority group in parliament (57%)- showed socialists were growing in support with growing electorate

2. 1913- giolitti didn’t crack down on a car strike in turin (fiat) which was led by a socialist union. socialists gained concessions. industrial league had newspapers which criticsed him and the liberals for this

3. socialists were less likely to be absorbed into the grand transformismo as they were more radical and were demanding change after 1912. more strikes which meant less peaceful

how did the other causes of giolitti to fall from power? (2)

1. vote- expanded electorate in 1912

   • 1909- 3 million / 1912- 8.5 million

   • all men over 30, literate men at 21 and all men serving in the army could vote- meant that socialism became more popular as peasants could vote

   • more illiterate people could vote (70% electorate was illiterate by 1913) and the liberals didn’t have much support from the peasants

2. deals- gentolini pact

   • 1913 election- giolitti made a pact with catholics to secure votes for liberals by agreeing to support catholic priorities (e.g. religious schools)

     • chamber of deputies- liberals votes fell to 318 and gentolini claimed liberals owed 200 deputies to catholic church

     • caused allies of the liberals to withdraw support as they saw the church as force preventing progress

when did catholic nationalist alliance win a local election? where?

1914 in rome

when did more revolutionary socialists become in charge of the psi?

1912

what % of the electorate was illiterate in 1913?

70%

how much did psi’s votes grow from 1909 to 1913? how many did liberals have in 1913?

1909- 19%

1913- 23%

liberals- 57%

when and where was the socialist strike giolitti didn’t crack down on? result?

1913- fiat factory in turin

strikers got concessions

industrial league criticised him and the liberals- needed support from these large influential and rich groups

how many seats did liberals get in chamber of deputies 1913?

318 (used to be 382)

gentolini claimed liberals owed 200 of those to catholic church

how did the political weaknesses cause giolitti to fall from power? (2)

1. 1911- giolitti made influential enemies like financial institutions (home and abroad) due to his 1911 bill to nationalise life insurance which made banks unable to profit by selling it

2. lack of organisation- liberal party never attempted to form a moderate right-wing party of the liberals (meaning they had to turn to other parties)

when did giolitti nationalise life insurance?

1911

what type of party did giolitti fail to set up?

moderate right wing of the liberals