DNA Biotechnology and Genetic Diseases Study Guide

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These flashcards cover key concepts in DNA biotechnology, genetic diseases, and cell biology, based on the study guide lecture notes.

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46 Terms

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

A type of endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes attached, primarily involved in protein synthesis.

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

A type of endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes, involved in lipid (hormone) production.

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Unique Structures in Plant Cells

Cell wall and chloroplasts.

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Mitochondria

Organelles in animal cells responsible for energy production.

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Chloroplasts

Organelles in plant cells responsible for energy production through photosynthesis.

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Nuclear Envelope

A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, allowing RNA to exit.

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Consequences of Lack of Nuclear Pores

No RNA can exit the nucleus, resulting in the inability to produce proteins.

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Chromosomes in Human Body Cell

Each human body cell contains 46 chromosomes organized in 23 pairs.

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Order of Genetic Organization

DNA molecule, protein, chromatin fiber, chromosome.

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Protein Synthesis Organelles Order

Nucleus, rough ER, ribosome, vesicles, Golgi apparatus, vesicles.

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Defective Lysosomes

Result in the inability of a cell to dissolve large food molecules, old components, or bacteria.

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Nucleotide Comparison

Backbones of DNA from different organisms are identical, but their bases may differ.

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Effect of Chemical Modification to DNA

Both resulting DNA molecules will glow due to replication from the glowing original.

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Uracil in Chromosomes

Chromosomes do not contain uracil (U); only RNA contains uracil.

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Transcription and Translation Simultaneity

Transcription occurs in the nucleus, while translation occurs in the cytoplasm; they cannot happen simultaneously.

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Shorter mRNA than Gene

mRNA may be shorter if introns are removed during processing.

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Amino Acids from mRNA Sequence

The sequence AUG-ACU-AAU-AGU-UGA results in Methionine, Threonine, Asparagine, and Serine (STOP).

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mRNA Nucleotides to Amino Acids Ratio

600 nucleotides (not including the start and stop codons) encode for 200 amino acids.

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Nonsense Mutations

Nonsense mutations have a strong effect as they convert an amino acid codon into a stop codon.

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Biotechnology History

Biotechnology has existed for thousands of years, even though genetic engineering is more recent.

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Finding Specific Genes in a Genomic Library

Use a probe complementary to the desired gene.

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Genetically Modified Organisms Similarity

Both genetically modified plants and animals use plasmids to introduce foreign DNA.

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PCR Usage in DNA Comparison

PCR duplicates only a small part of the DNA marked by specific primers, not the entire genome.

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Electrophoresis Gel Results

Longer DNA segments remain near the top of the gel, while shorter segments travel farther down.

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Genes and Genome Size Correlation

The total number of genes does not always correlate with the size of the genome.

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Viruses as DNA Carriers

Viruses are effective for gene therapy as they naturally infect human cells.

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Genetic Identity in Body Cells

All body cells are genetically identical as they originate from the same zygote.

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Mitosis Chromosome Duplication

Correct: Chromosomes are already duplicated during interphase before mitosis.

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Failure of Sister Chromatids to Split

Results in one cell with an extra chromosome and another with a missing chromosome.

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Plant Cells and Cleavage Furrow

Plant cells cannot pinch inward to form a cleavage furrow due to their rigid cell wall.

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Embryonic Color Outcome in Mice

The color of the babies will be brown if the nucleus from a brown mouse is used.

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Karyotyping

A method used by scientists to visualize chromosomes.

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Meiosis 1 Chromosome Arrangement

During meiosis 1, chromosomes line up by homologous pairs.

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Chromosomes Before Mitosis and Meiosis

Both cells have duplicated chromosomes before starting either mitosis or meiosis.

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Gamete Chromosome Similarity

Chromosomes in gametes differ from parental chromosomes due to crossing over.

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Determining Sex Chromosomes

Chromosomes 23 determine sex; XX for female and XY for male.

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Gene Protein Production Variation

A single gene can lead to multiple proteins through varying splicing of exons.

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Homeotic Gene Influence

One homeotic gene can control the expression of multiple other genes.

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Gene Duplication and Cancer

Duplication can lead to cancer if it causes excessive growth factor production.

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Metastatic vs Non-Metastatic Cancer

Metastatic cancer spreads to multiple body parts, complicating treatment.

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Genotypes for Black Fur Dog

Possible genotypes are homozygous dominant (BB) or heterozygous (Bb).

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Test Cross for Brown Lab Genotype

No new information is gained; the genotype must be homozygous recessive (bb).

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Dihybrid Cross Definition

A genetic cross between two organisms that are both heterozygous for two traits.

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Carrier of a Disease

An organism that does not express a disease but can pass the allele to offspring.

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Pleiotropy vs Polygenic Inheritance

Pleiotropy: one gene affects multiple traits; Polygenic: many genes affect one trait.

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Linkage of Separate Chromosome Genes

Genes located on separate chromosomes cannot be linked.