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These flashcards cover key concepts in DNA biotechnology, genetic diseases, and cell biology, based on the study guide lecture notes.
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)
A type of endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes attached, primarily involved in protein synthesis.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)
A type of endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes, involved in lipid (hormone) production.
Unique Structures in Plant Cells
Cell wall and chloroplasts.
Mitochondria
Organelles in animal cells responsible for energy production.
Chloroplasts
Organelles in plant cells responsible for energy production through photosynthesis.
Nuclear Envelope
A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, allowing RNA to exit.
Consequences of Lack of Nuclear Pores
No RNA can exit the nucleus, resulting in the inability to produce proteins.
Chromosomes in Human Body Cell
Each human body cell contains 46 chromosomes organized in 23 pairs.
Order of Genetic Organization
DNA molecule, protein, chromatin fiber, chromosome.
Protein Synthesis Organelles Order
Nucleus, rough ER, ribosome, vesicles, Golgi apparatus, vesicles.
Defective Lysosomes
Result in the inability of a cell to dissolve large food molecules, old components, or bacteria.
Nucleotide Comparison
Backbones of DNA from different organisms are identical, but their bases may differ.
Effect of Chemical Modification to DNA
Both resulting DNA molecules will glow due to replication from the glowing original.
Uracil in Chromosomes
Chromosomes do not contain uracil (U); only RNA contains uracil.
Transcription and Translation Simultaneity
Transcription occurs in the nucleus, while translation occurs in the cytoplasm; they cannot happen simultaneously.
Shorter mRNA than Gene
mRNA may be shorter if introns are removed during processing.
Amino Acids from mRNA Sequence
The sequence AUG-ACU-AAU-AGU-UGA results in Methionine, Threonine, Asparagine, and Serine (STOP).
mRNA Nucleotides to Amino Acids Ratio
600 nucleotides (not including the start and stop codons) encode for 200 amino acids.
Nonsense Mutations
Nonsense mutations have a strong effect as they convert an amino acid codon into a stop codon.
Biotechnology History
Biotechnology has existed for thousands of years, even though genetic engineering is more recent.
Finding Specific Genes in a Genomic Library
Use a probe complementary to the desired gene.
Genetically Modified Organisms Similarity
Both genetically modified plants and animals use plasmids to introduce foreign DNA.
PCR Usage in DNA Comparison
PCR duplicates only a small part of the DNA marked by specific primers, not the entire genome.
Electrophoresis Gel Results
Longer DNA segments remain near the top of the gel, while shorter segments travel farther down.
Genes and Genome Size Correlation
The total number of genes does not always correlate with the size of the genome.
Viruses as DNA Carriers
Viruses are effective for gene therapy as they naturally infect human cells.
Genetic Identity in Body Cells
All body cells are genetically identical as they originate from the same zygote.
Mitosis Chromosome Duplication
Correct: Chromosomes are already duplicated during interphase before mitosis.
Failure of Sister Chromatids to Split
Results in one cell with an extra chromosome and another with a missing chromosome.
Plant Cells and Cleavage Furrow
Plant cells cannot pinch inward to form a cleavage furrow due to their rigid cell wall.
Embryonic Color Outcome in Mice
The color of the babies will be brown if the nucleus from a brown mouse is used.
Karyotyping
A method used by scientists to visualize chromosomes.
Meiosis 1 Chromosome Arrangement
During meiosis 1, chromosomes line up by homologous pairs.
Chromosomes Before Mitosis and Meiosis
Both cells have duplicated chromosomes before starting either mitosis or meiosis.
Gamete Chromosome Similarity
Chromosomes in gametes differ from parental chromosomes due to crossing over.
Determining Sex Chromosomes
Chromosomes 23 determine sex; XX for female and XY for male.
Gene Protein Production Variation
A single gene can lead to multiple proteins through varying splicing of exons.
Homeotic Gene Influence
One homeotic gene can control the expression of multiple other genes.
Gene Duplication and Cancer
Duplication can lead to cancer if it causes excessive growth factor production.
Metastatic vs Non-Metastatic Cancer
Metastatic cancer spreads to multiple body parts, complicating treatment.
Genotypes for Black Fur Dog
Possible genotypes are homozygous dominant (BB) or heterozygous (Bb).
Test Cross for Brown Lab Genotype
No new information is gained; the genotype must be homozygous recessive (bb).
Dihybrid Cross Definition
A genetic cross between two organisms that are both heterozygous for two traits.
Carrier of a Disease
An organism that does not express a disease but can pass the allele to offspring.
Pleiotropy vs Polygenic Inheritance
Pleiotropy: one gene affects multiple traits; Polygenic: many genes affect one trait.
Linkage of Separate Chromosome Genes
Genes located on separate chromosomes cannot be linked.