year 1 psych test

How does Hollander (1971) define personality

The sum total of an individual’s characteristics that make them unique.

what are three approaches to sport psychology

psychophysiological, social psychological, cognitive behavioural

name two sport psychology organisations

The British psychological society and British association of sport and exercise sciences

what is the trait approach to personality

Personality is made up of traits—stable characteristics that influence behavior, can be measured, and evolve over time.

What did Cattell’s Trait Theory (1945) propose?

There are 16 basic (source) traits that underlie surface traits; derived using factor analysis.

What are some of the traits in Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors?

Warmth, reasoning, emotional stability, dominance, liveliness, rule-consciousness, social boldness, sensitivity, vigilance, etc.

What is Eysenck’s Trait Theory?

A biologically based personality theory proposing that personality is made up of three major traits: Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism.

What are the 3 dimensions in Eysenck’s theory?

• Extraversion – sociable, outgoing

• Neuroticism – anxious, moody

• Psychoticism – aggressive, egocentric

what did Eysenck hypothesis

that those high in neuroticism had greater activity in the visceral brain

what is the visceral brain

parts of the brain involved in emotional regulation and autonomic functions, especially the limbic system.

What is the 16PF test?

A 105-item test measuring 16 personality traits (Cattell, 1969).

What is the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI)?

A 57-question test measuring extraversion, neuroticism, and includes a lie scale.

What is the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality? (OCEAN)

A trait theory that identifies five broad dimensions of personality: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism

who created the five factor model

Norman (1963)

What is Morgan’s Iceberg Profile of Mood? (1980)

A visual model showing the mood states of successful athletes, based on the Profile of Mood States test where vigour is high and all other negative moods are low, forming an "iceberg" shape.

what mood traits are measured in the iceberg profile of mood

tension depression anger vigorous fatigue confusion

What is the significance of the Iceberg Profile?

Elite athletes tend to display this profile, suggesting positive mental health and readiness to perform. Deviation from this pattern may indicate poor psychological readiness or overtraining.

What is the Everest Profile of Mood? (Terry 1985)

A more extreme version of the Iceberg Profile identified in peak performers or athletes at their psychological best.

When is the Everest Profile usually observed?

Before major competition, or during periods of peak performance or “flow” states in elite athletes.

what are the main trait approaches

Cattell’s Trait Theory (1945)

Eysenck’s Trait Theory (1944)

Five-Factor Model

what are the main mood profiles

Morgan (1980) iceberg profile of mood

Terry (1985) Everest profile of mood

What are the strengths of the trait approach?

Scientifically grounded, heredity influences supported by twin studies, useful with other info in athlete profiling.

What are criticisms of the trait approach?

Descriptive not explanatory, doesn’t account for change or situation-based behavior, misuse of tests like AMI.