Final Exam Study Guide FALL 2024

These flashcards cover essential topics and concepts that will be on the final exam, including scientific principles, chemical reactions, and calculations.

What is a Scientific Law?

A statement based on repeated experiments and observations that describes some aspects of the universe.

What is a Theory in scientific terms?

A well-substantiated explanation based on a body of evidence that has stood up to repeated testing.

What is the Scientific Method?

A systematic process for experimentation that is used to explore observations and answer questions.

What are significant figures?

The digits in a number that are known with certainty plus the first uncertain digit.

How do you calculate density?

Density is calculated as mass divided by volume.

What is the difference between elements, compounds, and mixtures?

Elements consist of a single type of atom, compounds are made of two or more different elements chemically bonded, and mixtures are combinations of substances that maintain their individual properties.

What are physical changes?

Changes that affect one or more physical properties of a substance without altering its chemical composition.

What are diatomic molecules?

Molecules that consist of two atoms, which may be of the same or different chemical elements.

What is Dalton's Atomic Theory?

A theory that proposes that all matter is made up of atoms, which are indivisible and indestructible particles.

What is an isotope?

Variations of elements that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

What are oxidation states?

The charge of an atom determined by the loss or gain of electrons.

What are the rules for naming compounds?

Rules based on the type of elements that constitute the compound and their respective oxidation states.

What is a double replacement reaction?

A type of chemical reaction where two compounds exchange ions or elements to form two new compounds.

What are solubility rules?

Guidelines to determine whether an ionic compound will dissolve in water.

What is molar mass?

The mass of one mole of a substance, usually expressed in grams per mole.

What is stoichiometry?

The calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions based on the balanced equation.

What is specific heat capacity?

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius.

What is the relationship between energy levels and electrons?

Electrons occupy energy levels around the nucleus of an atom, with each level capable of holding a specific number of electrons.

What are Lewis structures?

Diagrams that represent the bonding between atoms and the lone pairs of electrons in a molecule.

What are intermolecular forces?

Forces of attraction or repulsion between neighboring particles (atoms, molecules, or ions).

How do you calculate molarity?

Molarity is calculated as the number of moles of solute divided by the volume of solution in liters.

What does pH measure?

The acidity or basicity of a solution, indicating the concentration of hydrogen ions.

What is a conjugate acid/base pair?

A pair of substances that differ by the presence or absence of one hydrogen ion.