Maps - Quiz 2

What is the time period covered in a Cartographic History of the Modern World?

The late eighteenth century through the early twentieth century

Why are maps treated as historical documents in the study guide?

Because maps actively reflect and shape power, territory, empire, trade, and political authority

What do maps reveal about modern history beyond geography?

They show how space, power, politics, and imperial control became intertwined

What characterized British North America before 1763?

Thirteen colonies with distinct economies and cultures, strong local self

How did the colonial population change before the American Revolution?

It increased six

What role did colonial assemblies play before 1763?

They provided extensive local self

Why was 1763 a turning point in British

colonial relations?

What was the Proclamation Line of 1763?

A British policy restricting settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains

Why did colonists oppose the Proclamation Line?

It limited economic opportunity and territorial expansion

What additional British policies angered colonists after 1763?

New taxes, greater military presence, and increased imperial oversight

What core ideas did the Declaration of Independence express?

Natural rights, equality, and government by consent

Why was the Declaration of Independence globally significant?

It transformed a colonial rebellion into a revolutionary challenge to empire

What do maps of British North America (1763–1775) illustrate?

Imperial boundaries, restricted expansion, and rising tensions

What inspired independence movements in Latin America and the Caribbean?

The American Revolution, French Revolution, and Enlightenment ideas

When did most Latin American colonies gain independence?

Between roughly 1780 and 1830

Did independence bring economic or social equality to Latin America?

No, deep inequalities remained

What political problems did new Latin American states face?

Weak institutions, unclear borders, wars, and militarism

What economic structure persisted after independence in Latin America?

Export

Why did limited industrialization matter in Latin America?

It maintained economic dependence on global markets

How did foreign intervention affect Latin American sovereignty?

U.S. involvement limited true independence

What do maps of Latin America in 1800 and 1830 reveal?

New national borders alongside continued vulnerability

What political ideas did the French Revolution promote?

Citizenship, popular sovereignty, and legal equality

Which powers did revolutionary France fight during the Revolutionary Wars?

Austria, Prussia, and Britain

How did war transform the French Revolution?

It expanded it into a continental conflict

What state changes did Revolutionary Wars accelerate?

Centralization, mass conscription, and military innovation

How was revolutionary France viewed in Europe?

As both a symbol of republican ideals and a destabilizing force

What do European maps from 1789–1815 show?

Constant territorial change caused by war and ideology

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

Britain in the mid

What economic changes defined industrialization?

Mechanization, factory labor, and coal

What social consequences resulted from industrialization?

Urbanization, harsh working conditions, and new social classes

How did industrialization spread across Europe?

Unevenly, with Western and Central Europe leading

Which regions industrialized more slowly?

Eastern and Southern Europe

Why were railways and ports important to industrialization?

They connected economies to global trade

What do industrialization maps highlight?

Industrial cores and less

Why was the Habsburg Empire vulnerable to nationalism?

It was a multi

What occurred during the Revolutions of 1848–49?

Uprisings across Vienna, Prague, Hungary, and Italy

What reform followed the 1848 revolutions?

Serfdom was abolished but political reform remained limited

What did ethnic groups within the Habsburg Empire seek?

Autonomy rather than full independence

What external pressures weakened the Habsburg Empire?

Rising Prussia, military weakness, and fiscal strain

What do ethnic maps of Austria

Hungary reveal?

Why did the Habsburg Empire collapse?

Nationalism made centralized rule unworkable, leading to collapse after WWI

What was Italy’s political condition after 1815?

Fragmented and dominated by foreign powers, especially Austria

How did Italian unification occur?

Through a top

What political system did Italy adopt by 1871?

A constitutional monarchy

Who led German unification?

Prussia

How did Germany unify?

Through diplomacy and war

How did unification change Europe’s political map?

Many small states were replaced by large nation

Why did German unification shift the balance of power?

It created a strong new European power

What forces drove the decline of the Ottoman Empire?

Nationalism and European intervention

What happened to the Ottoman Empire after World War I?

It collapsed completely

How were former Ottoman territories reorganized?

Through League of Nations mandates

Why are Ottoman borders still important today?

They continue to shape Middle Eastern politics

What do maps show about Ottoman decline?

Imperial contraction led to foreign domination

What was European involvement in Africa before 1880?

Mostly coastal trade, missions, and limited influence

What was the Scramble for Africa?

Rapid European partition of Africa in the late 19th century

How were African borders drawn during imperialism?

Arbitrarily, ignoring ethnic and political realities

How did colonial rule function in Africa?

Limited military presence with extensive economic exploitation

What resources were extracted from Africa?

Labor and raw materials

Did Africans resist colonial rule?

Yes, though resistance was often violently suppressed

What do maps of Africa in 1880 and 1913 show?

Near

Why do colonial borders still matter in Africa?

They contribute to ongoing political conflict

Where did Russia expand during the nineteenth century?

Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and Siberia

What problems did Russian expansion create?

Administrative difficulties and social tension

How did Russia compare industrially to Western Europe?

It lagged behind

What caused unrest in Russia?

Political repression and slow modernization

What was the Revolution of 1905?

A crisis revealing weakness in imperial authority

What do maps of Russian expansion illustrate?

Tension between territorial size and political cohesion

How did British involvement in India begin?

Through the East India Company’s commercial dominance

What was the 1857 Revolt?

A rebellion by Indian soldiers known as the First War of Independence

What resulted from the 1857 Revolt?

The abolition of the East India Company

What replaced Company rule in India?

Direct rule by the British Crown

Why was India called the jewel in the crown?

It was central to Britain’s imperial economy

What economic role did India play under British rule?

Market for British goods and exporter of raw materials

Why were railways built in India?

To integrate the economy for imperial benefit

When was the Indian National Congress founded?

1885

How did imperialism in Southeast Asia differ from Africa?

It expanded gradually and strategically

What were Britain’s goals in Southeast Asia?

Securing trade routes between India and China

What was the Dutch Cultivation System?

Forced cash

Which European power controlled the Philippines?

Spain

Which Southeast Asian state remained independent?

Siam (Thailand)

What inspired early nationalist movements in Southeast Asia?

Western education and Japan’s victory over Russia in 1905

What system restricted foreign trade in Qing China?

The Canton System

Why did Britain fight the Opium Wars?

To force open Chinese markets and sell opium

What were the effects of the Opium Wars?

Treaty ports and loss of sovereignty

How did foreign concessions affect China?

They fragmented authority and increased Western influence

When did the Qing dynasty collapse?

1911

What did the collapse of the Qing dynasty lead to?

Revolution, nationalism, and modern state

How did Japan respond to Western pressure?

Through rapid modernization during the Meiji Restoration

What reforms transformed Meiji Japan?

Political centralization, industrialization, and military reform

Why did modernization lead Japan toward imperialism?

To gain resources, markets, and equal status with Western powers

What position did Japan achieve by the early 20th century?

Asia’s strongest industrial power

What path did this set Japan on?

Militarism and regional conflict

How did Australia and New Zealand develop after 1790?

As British settler societies with export

What characterized early European exploration in Australia and New Zealand?

Coastal mapping before dangerous inland exploration

Who lived in these regions before European settlement?

Aboriginal peoples and Māori communities

How did colonial mapping affect Indigenous peoples?

It erased their presence and enabled dispossession

How did maps function in settler colonialism?

As tools of control and land seizure

Why are maps central to understanding modern world history?

They record and justify revolution, empire, industrialization, and resistance

What does reading history through maps reveal?

The deep relationship between geography, power, and historical change