A&P 2 - Packets for Integumentary System

What is one of the most serious tissue injuries?

burns

What causes a burn?

heat, overexposure to the sun, radiation, flames, chemicals, or electricity

What two concerns happen without the skin?

life-threatening fluid loss and infection

How soon should a severe burn be treated?

immediately; as soon as possible

What happens if fluids are lost?

kidneys and heart shut down, resulting in shock

How are the amount of fluids needed determined?

through the rule of nines to determine the extent of tissue damage

Where are burns especially dangerous, and why?

burns near the head, face, and neck can cause swollen or restricted airways

Why are burns wrapped and treated carefully?

to prevent infection as tissue begins decaying

How soon should somebody with a severe burn receive medical attention?

Quickly

How are burns categorized?

by severity

How is the burn category determined?

by depth of burned tissue

The deeper the tissue damage?

the more severe the burn

What happens in a first degree burn?

only the superficial epidermis is damaged. Skin is red and uncomfortable. No blisters.

What happens in a second degree burn?

damage to the epidermis and superficial dermis occurs; skin is red, painful, and blistered

What happens in a third degree burn?

epidermis and dermis completely destroyed, portions of hypodermis destroyed. Blistering and black skin. Not painful due to burnt nerve endings.

What happens in a fourth degree burn?

damaged tissue extends to bone and muscle

Why do third and fourth degree burns require skin grafting?

because no epithelial tissue is present for regrowth

What is 9% in the rule of nines?

chest, abdomen, head and neck, arms, upper and lower back (upper-body)

What are the other percentages in the rule of nines?

genitals are 1%, and legs are 18% each (lower-body)

How are a person’s fingerprints formed?

unique patterns of ridges and valleys in the fingertips

An epidermal ridge is also known as?

a friction ridge

What is a friction ridge?

raised portion of epidermis caused by the dermal papillae of underlying skin layers

What do fingerprints help us identify?

sensory perceptions like texture and vibrations

How are fingerprints used in society?

identification of criminals and biometrics on modern technology

Why can’t you see the ridges and valleys as you get older?

because the skin’s elasticity decreases with age

What are the 3 main types of fingerprints?

arch, loop, whorl

What are the characteristics of arch fingerprints?

ridges start on one side of the finger, rise in the middle and exit on the other side

What are the characteristics of loop fingerprints?

ridges start on one side of the finger, rise and loop in the middle and exit on the same side. Loops can face towards either side of the finger.

What are the characteristics of whorl fingerprints?

ridges from a round shape in the center of the finger

When skin is burned, what happens to the damaged tissue?

it can no longer protect the body

What can burned skin no longer be able to do?

retain fluids and electrolytes, protect the body from infectious agents, and thermoregulate through blood vessel dilation and contraction

Can the burns regenerate to restore homeostasis?

yes, as long as the burns are not deep

First stage of severe burns

fluids and heat are lost

Second stage of severe burns

dermis unable to regenerate

Third stage of severe burns

fluid and temperature stabilized through medical intervention

Fourth stage of severe burns

homeostasis restored

First stage of superficial burns

fluids and heat are lost

Second stage of superficial burns

intact dermis regenerates

Third stage of superficial burns

fluid and temperature stabilizes

Fourth stage of superficial burns

homeostasis restored

What are moles?

a common type of skin growth caused by clusters of melanocytes

When do most people develop moles?

throughout their childhood and adolescence

How dangerous are moles?

mostly benign (harmless), but rarely become malignant (cancerous)

What is melanoma?

a type of skin cancer caused by the uncontrolled growth of melanocytes

How is melanoma detected?

through the regular monitoring of moles

What guidelines are used to detect if a mole is potentially cancerous?

the ABCDE rule for the early detection of melanoma

What does the ABCDE rule stand for?

asymmetry, borders, color, diameter, evolving

How many of the ABCDE rule features can show?

all or only a couple

What happens if you have a potential malignant mole?

a dermatologist can remove it and send it for a biopsy to determine if it is cancerous

What are factors to an increased risk of melanoma?

number of moles, pale skin, red or light hair, freckles, age spots, high levels of sun exposure, sunburns, and tanning beds