Cardiopulmonary Exercise Responses Flashcards

Flashcards covering key concepts related to cardiovascular and pulmonary responses to exercise.

According to the quote, what is more important than being right?

More important than being right.

What does the quote suggest people need more than a brilliant mind?

A special heart that listens.

Name three key cardiovascular responses to acute aerobic exercise.

Heart Rate, Stroke Volume, Cardiac Output.

Besides heart rate and cardiac output, name two other cardiovascular responses to acute aerobic exercise.

Total Peripheral Resistance, Blood Pressure.

What is the primary goal of cardiovascular and pulmonary responses to exercise?

Increased oxygen to skeletal muscles.

According to the Fick equation, what four systems integrate to determine aerobic capacity?

Cardiovascular, pulmonary, hematologic, and skeletal muscle physiology.

Besides the Fick equation, what will be revisited concerning acute aerobic exercise?

Arteriovenous O2 difference and ventilatory responses.

What is the formula for cardiac output (Q)?

Q = HR * SV

What three factors define a cardiovascular response to acute aerobic exercise?

Heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output.

Name four different measurements of blood pressure.

Systolic BP, diastolic BP, mean arterial pressure, total peripheral resistance.

How does the metabolic need for oxygen in skeletal muscle change during exercise compared to rest?

Increases significantly above resting values.

How is the increased metabolic need for oxygen met during exercise?

Cardiac output and redistribution of blood flow.

What is the correlation between heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion?

HR and RPE

What is the average resting heart rate?

60-80 bpm

What kind of relationship exists between exercise heart rate and oxygen uptake?

Linear relationship with oxygen uptake and workload.

How is maximum heart rate (MHR) estimated?

MHR = 220 - age

What circulatory demands does steady state heart rate meet?

the circulatory demands at a specific work rate

What are the three underlying physiological mechanisms for increase in systolic blood pressure?

Myocardial contractility, stroke volume, force/pressure to deliver blood

What is the underlying physiological mechanism for minimal changes in diastolic blood pressure?

Arteriolar vasodilation in exercising muscle.

What is the underlying physiological mechanism for a decrease in total peripheral resistance?

Arteriolar vasodilation exceeds vasoconstriction.

Approximately what percentage of cardiac output goes to skeletal muscle at rest?

15-20%

Approximately what percentage of cardiac output goes to skeletal muscle during heavy exercise?

80-85%

Through which action is blood flow redirected during exercise?

Sympathetic nervous system and increased epinephrine.

What mechanisms lead to blood flow redistribution during exercise?

Systemic vasoconstriction and local vasodilation.

Name three local factors that contribute to vasodilation in exercising muscle.

Increased PCO2, decreased PO2, increased H+.

Which systemic factor contributes to vasoconstriction in non-exercising tissues?

Increased SNS and catecholamines.

Name two cardiovascular responses to acute aerobic exercise.

Increased cardiac output and increased blood flow to exercising muscle.

Besides cardiac output and blood flow, give three other cardiovascular responses to acute aerobic exercise.

Increased SNS and EPI, increased venous return, increased ventilation.

Name four categories of cardiovascular adaptations to aerobic exercise training.

LV volume, blood volume, vascular changes, blood pressure.

Through what adaptation does an increase in LV volume occur?

Increased number and size of sarcomeres.

What are the effects from an increase in LV volume?

Increased SV and decreased HR.

Besides at rest and during submaximal exercise, at what other point is LV volume significant?

Increased maximal exercise cardiac output (Q).

What is the primary cause for increased blood volume?

Increased plasma volume (PV).

What is one benefit from increased plasma volume?

Improved thermoregulation in the heat.

Which vascular adaptation leads to an increased recruitment within exercising muscle?

Increased capillary density in skeletal muscles.

What happens to systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest and submaximal exercise after aerobic training?

Decreased systolic and diastolic BP.

What does VO2 equal in the Fick equation?

Q * (a-v)O2 difference

What is the definition of arteriovenous oxygen difference?

Difference in oxygen content between arterial and venous blood

The ratio between what two is the respiratory exchange ratio?

between the amount of carbon dioxide produced in metabolism and oxygen used

What is the RER value range?

0.7 to 1

What is being metabolized when RER is closer to 0.7?

Primarily fat metabolism.

What is being metabolized when RER is closer to 1?

Primarily CHO metabolism.

The underlying physiological mechanisms for increase in (a-v)O2 difference is a decrease in venous oxygen content due to what?

extraction of oxygen by exercising muscle

What other physiological changes occur within the body concerning (a-v)O2 difference?

a larger portion of Q directed to exercising muscle, increased arteriolar vasodilation and capillary recruitment, increased mitochondrial density and enzymes and myoglobin

Up to what point does the minute ventilation (VE) increase linearly with exercise intensity?

Minute ventilation VE increases linearly with exercise intensity until between 50-75% of VO2max

At what point does VE stop rising linearly and rises exponentially?

Ventilatory threshold (VT)

How does the (a-v)O2 difference adapt to aerobic exercise?

Increases somewhat.

How is VE, breathing frequency (fb), and tidal volume (VT) affected during submaximal exercise by aerobic training?

Decreased VE, decreased fb and increased VT.

Name three potential problematic cardiopulmonary responses to exertion.

Racing heart rate, emergence of arrhythmias, spike in blood pressure.

What is the effect do blood pressure adaptations have on hypertensive patients?

Decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure if the patient is hypertensive.