apush chapter 15

What were the conditions in the south after the war?

No money, destroyed major cities, crops wiped out by emancipation, resentful of Union/Yankees

What were questions in the south after the war?

Legal status of states - does congress or president make state governments? Status of freedpeople?

What was the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction?

Confed states can make gov when 10% of those who voted in 1860 have sworn allegiance to Constitution. Most presidential pardon except officials/slave abusers, etc.

What did Radical Republicans believe in?

Wanted full citizenship for freedpeople, replace planter elite w/ small farmers.

What was the Wade-Davis Bill and the Wade-Davis manifesto?

Bill: majority of white male citizens should have to declare allegiance to union
Manifesto: lincoln is exceeding const authority for vetoing bill

What was the Freedmen’s bureau?

First federla effort to directly help the people (Black) rather than states. Run by Howard - labor, medical care, etc. Schools & colleges w/ northern teachers → conventional public schools in the south

What were the limiations of the Freedmen’s Bureau?

Not enough agents or federal troops

What did Martin Delaney preach at St. Helena Island?

Abolition was because of the slaves, superior intelligence = lies, slaves should become self-sustaining farmers and economically self-reliant

What was the assassination of Lincoln and its effects?

Lincoln ends w/ wanting peace, assassinated by Wilkes Booth, Johnson becomes president

What did Johnson believe in?

Hated wealthy planters - Jacksonian Democrat (wanted to put down Confederates because they’re rich plantation owners). Very white supremacist and believes slave system hurts poor whites the most

What was Johnson’s Restoration Plan?

Proclamation of Amnesty - no pardons if u have prop worth over 20k (later pardoned for political favor)
Unionist prov gov w/ unionist convention - must ratify 13th amendment, consider giving Blacks voting rights

What did Radical Republicans like Stevens and Sumner believe in?

Wanted social/political equality, completely reconstruct Southern society, don’t like Johnson bringing south in asap, states should be admitted by Congress

Who was in the new southern state govs?

Former confederate leaders

What was the Joint Committee on Reconstruction?

Formed to create new plan to incorporate south into the union

What were examples of white violence and what did they lead to? What did the Committee blame them on?

Shreveport, Memphis massacre - led to fourteenth amendment (gives Blacks civil rights protections). blame johnson’s leniency toward white supremacists

What were Black Codes?

Made to basically enslave Black people again - encouraged forced labor, prohibited a bunch of stuff

What was the “convict lease” system?

All Blakcs must be apprenticed/employed or they would be jailed and forced to work in prison. Used to cut prison expenses and increase government revenue by renting out prisoners to white farmers/businesses

What was Johnson’s battle with Congress?

Johnson refuses to renew funding for Freedmen’s Bureau, making moderate republicans join Radical

What was the Civil Rights Act passed by Radical Congress?

All persons born in the U.S. (excluding natives) get civil rights - vetoed by Johnson but Republican override the veto

What was the Fourteenth Amendment?

Federal Government gives citizenship to everyone and punishes those who attempt to violate civil rights (fighting Black Codes). Confederate states must ratify to join the union - Johnson encourages them not to ratify

How did Johnson lose support during the elections for Congress?

Campaigned to win Democratic Congress and said “I care not for dignity” about hanging Stevens - Republicans win overwhelmingly and can now override presidential vetoes

What was Congressional Reconstruction?

Efforts by those in the north to reform the South - had Military Reconstruction, Command of the Army, and Tenure of Office Act

What was the Military Reconstruction Act?

Military w/ federal troops has control over confederate states, and there must be new constitutions written guaranteeing all adult males the right to vote, drafted by all male citizens to join Congress. Must ratify 14th amendment

What was the Command of the Army Act?

All presidential army orders go through Grant

What was the Tenure of Office Act?

Senate must approve if the president wants to kick someone out of office - created to keep Edwin Stanton (Johnson’s biggest opposition) in Congress

What was the Congress’s attempt to impeach Johnson?

Johnson suspended Edwin Stanton (violation of tenure of office act) but only 35-19 vote in favor of impeachment (because of G. Ross)

What did the failed impeachment do?

Weakened public support for Congressional Reconstruction but Johnson stopped being stupid about it. Grant pushes for more federal force in the South

What was the 15th amendment? What happened in 1868 with it?

Everyone can vote except women - Confederate states must ratify to be admitted

What were prejudices against Chinese Americans?

California and Oregon don’t ratify 15th amendment - discrimination until 1940s. Women' also don’t get voting rights - Republicans say Chinese and women are stupid

What were conditions in the post-war South for the Black people?

They didn’t want to leave - mostly worked for their former owners to gain money but terrorized. Influential figures were military veterans

What happened with religion and education in the post-war South?

Emancipation = God is on people’s side = creation of Baptist, Methodist Black and White churches. Schools were especially important because white elites wanted to keep it from them, thinking it would make them revolt (ex. Bethune founds college)

What was the Union League?

Republican organizations to rally voters behind the party - frats protecting freedpeople in the post-war south that allowed them to vote and gain office. All black republicans/freedwomen very against democrats

How did African Americans gain representation in government and what were reactions?

Ex-confederates were denied voting rights. Southern whites were appalled, but Blacks didn’t have the majority in most conventions anyway

Why were Blacks unable to gain land?

Formerly had been given land by the Union, Johnson reverses and so they have to return farmland to their owners and banks won’t loan them money to buy land

What was sharecropping?

White landowners give materials and they have to work in exchange for a share of the crop - makes black peole indebted to white landowners as another form of slavery

What were divisions among southern Blakcs?

Affluent northern blacks/southern free black Elite opposed redistribution of land to freedmen. Wanted political equality but not social equality

Who were carpetbaggers?

Northerners who went south - generally military veterans who genuinely wanted to help pooor, though the south thought they were corrupt opportunists

Who were scalawags?

Southern white republicans - wanted to rebuild southern economy, generally unionists opposed to secession. ex. Joseph E. Brown

What was the KKK?

Initially social club but began harassing white/black republicans, angry over federal occupation, scared of black workers seeking revenge against whites. Burned & massacred everywehre

What were lasting effects of republican constitutions even after the Republican state governments disintegrated?

Protection of black voting rights, more elected positions in government, public schools, women’s property, infrastructure, institutions

What was corruption in the southern governments?

Companies/corporations bribed government officials or received money without building things like railroads

What was the Republican platform with Grants?

Let us have peace - relied a lot on Black voters who risked their lives through the KKK violence

What was the Democrat platform with Seymour?

Dismissed emancipation proclamation, very racist, said Grant was a military tyrant and justified lynching by saying that black men are predators to white women

what were characteristics of Grant as a president?

Very passive, often followed lead of congress/people who were corrupting him, promoted diverse federal government

What was Grant’s top priority and what was the Naturalization Act of 1870?

Top priority - reconstruction of the south. Naturalization Act = granting citizenship to African Americans

What did Grant and Parker do about natives?

Moved Bureau of Indian affairs to war department to end congressional corruption, set to quakers and board of indian commissioners

What were the effects of Grant and Parker’s plan for natives?

Sheridan & Sherman called for native extermination

What did Gould and Fisk do on Black Friday?

Bought large amount of gold to drive up value, Grant took their gifts and then sold a bunch of gold to drop value, stock market crashed. Grant was blamed for Black Friday

What were some examples of corruption in the Grant Administration and their effects?

Bribes from personal secretary → fired federal special prosecutor, republicans are called extravagant & selfish

What did the Republican party split into

Liberal/Conscience republicans, Stalwart/Grant republicans

What did the liberal republicans believe in?

No government regulation of the economy (capitalism), gold coins, lower tariffs, no favoritism with gov jobs, Grant tyrannical African American supremacy

What happened in the 1872 election

Greeley (eccentric, unsure political party but Democrat, doesn’t like reconstruction) vs. Grant (winner)

What was the debate over the money supply?

Coin (eastern creditors, bankers, merchants) vs. greenbacks (farmers, debtors for higher crop prices)

What was Grant’s public credit act?

Investors must be paid in gold - hurts debtors, helps creditors

What was the Panic of 1837?

No greenbacks = economic collapse = sin wave economy. Grant vetos printing more greenbacks

What were the effects of the financial panic on politics?

Republicans become minority in congress, ends reconstruction

What were acts of southern violence?

KKK wanted to kill prominent republicans, both black and white. South Carolina lynchings

What were Grant’s enforcement acts? How effective were they?

Penalized anyone who interfered with voting rights, federal supervisors monitor elections w/ terrorism, KKK act outlaws KKK acts and lets president send troops. dont actually imprison whites

What happened to the KKK by 1872?

Essentially shut down

What was the Colfax Massacre?

Easter sunday, white ex-confederates led by KKK slaughter black republicans in louisiana, Grant puts military rule there

What happened to politics in the lower south?

Democrats took over, kicked out Black people

What was the Civil Rights Act of 1875? What was the Civil Rights Case of 1883?

Said people must be granted equal access to all services, Supreme Court says this doesn’t apply b/c 14th amendment only for state govs

Who were conservative redeemers?

Diff from northern democrats, but rigged vote - radical republicans end in 1876. wanted to ensure racial segregation

What were the Slaughterhouse Cases?

Argued that slaughterhouse violated 14th amendment b/c took away property - court says 14th amendment only u.s. citizenship, not state citizenship, and federal civil rights don’t extend to business property rights

What was Cruikshank?

Cruikshank (Colfax massacre), 14th amendment for state actions, not individuals, and states protect individuals from attack, not federal government

Who was Henrietta Wood?

Rare example of court ruling in her favor to give her money after she was reesold as a slave

What happened in the election of 1876?

Corrupt - rigged by Republicans trying to win the vote over Tilden. Hayes ended up winning and Tilden doesn’t argue because then civil war

What was the Compromise of 1877?

If they elect Hayes then he’ll remove federal troops from the south

What happened to Reconstruction when Hayes was in power?

Democrat House w/ Hayes bans federal troops from south, they flip