2.3 (explicit and implicit memories)

explicit vs implicit memory

Explicit (declarative) memory: consciously acting to recall/recognize particular info

Implicit (nondeclarative) memory: recalling/recognizing info without consciously being aware of doing so

types of explicit memories

episodic (unique experiences), semantic (info we need to know), and prospective (remembering to remember)

types of implicit memories

procedural (knowing how to do something), primed (exposure to something unconciously that influences future thoughts and behaviors), classify conditioned (learned association)

independent vs dependent variable

Independent variable: causes or influences the dependent variable.

Dependent variable: hypothesized to depend on or be caused by the independent variable.

working memory model

sensory memory > working memory > longterm memory

sensory memory

iconic (eyes) and echoic (ears)

short-term memory

contains limited, temporary information that is used for many cognitive tasks (remembering, imagining, solving, and learning)

- includes a phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad that's governed by a boss (central executive)

boss, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad

boss: focuses on planning & decision making like the prefrontal cortex

phonological loop: verbal input manipulated by the Broca's area

Visuo-spatial sketchpad: manipulated by the parietal lobe monitoring spatial perception and the occipital love managing the visual cortex

why are sensory memories difficult to test

they decay too quick (echoic decays slower than iconic)

Partial report technique: a grid of letters are displayed and participants name one line based on a tone; they always recall about 75%

levels of processing model

focused on coding & retrieval - includes shallow (structural/phenomic) methods and deep (semantic) methods

Structural, phonemic, semantic

structural: most shallow level, encoding through basic visual qualities if a word or concept

Phonemic: still shallow, but less. Encoding through basic auditory qualities

Semantic: Deep processing, encoding through meaning and experiences

It may not be about the method, but the time spent encoding

Ethical factors of a study (decided by IRB)

obtain informed consent, debrief participants if deception is necessary, maintain anonymity, protect from harm, allow to leave/withdraw consent

constructive process

Organizing and shaping of information during processing, storage, and retrieval of memories

ESR model

claims memory is formed through encoding, storage and retrieval

parallel distributed processing (or connectionist) model

memory results from web like connections among interacting units simultaneously (facts get combined with what we know, and are spread throughout the brain)