Chemistry(hell)

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space (has volume)

Pure

Pure: A substance that contains one type of element or compound, with no impurities or other substances mixed in

• Have constant physical properties 

Mixture

A combination of two or more substances that are physically mixed - can be physically separated

Heterogeneous

An uneven distribution of substances mixed (you can see the different substances) EX) cereal in milk, sand and water

Homogeneous

An even mixture of two or more substances (you can’t visibly see the different substances) EX) Air, sugar dissolved in water, vinegar

Compound

A pure substance formed when two or more elements chemically combine, can be broken down by chemical reactions (homogeneous)

Element

A pure substance made of only one type of atom, and can not be broken down 

EX) (H), (O2) 

-homogenous

Filtration (heterogenous)

Physically separating solids from liquids (removing bigger particles from smaller ones)

Evaporation (homogenous)

a liquid becomes a gas/vapor leaving behind other particles EX) leaving s cup of water out for a few days, water evaporates into the air

Distillation (homogenous)

• Distillation: Heats a liquid until it turns into gas (evaporation), then cools the gas back into liquid.

It separates solvents or solutes based on their boiling points — one evaporates first, the other stays behind.

Aqueous(aq)

A substance is dissolved (mixed) in water as a liquid to form a solution - (water is the solvent - the main liquid)

Solvent

The substance that does the dissolving - EX) in salt water, water is the solvent

Solute

The substance that gets dissolved - EX) in salt water, salt is the solute

Atom

the smallest unit of an element - one oxygen atom (O)

Molecule 

made up of two or more atoms bonded together - two oxygen atoms bonded together (O2)

Physical Change 

A change in size, shape, or state; no new substance 

EX) mass, volume, temperature, density, magnetism, melting point

Chemical Change

How a substance reacts with something else; matter will be changed into a new substance after the reaction 

EX) Iron rusting (changes from iron to iron oxide)

Solid

• A definite shape and definite volume

• Arrangement: particles are tightly packed 

• Motion: slow and vibrate in place

• Energy: Low (vibrate)

• IMAF: High/strong forces (keeps them tightly packed to give them shape)

Liquid 

• No definite shape, has definite volume 

• Arrangement: particles are close but not in fixed positions 

• Motion: move and glides past each other, liquid flows

• Energy: Medium 

• IMAF: Medium forces (strong to keep particles close, but still weak to let move around )

Gas

• No definite shape, no definite volume 

• Arrangement: particles are space apart

• Motion: move quickly and freely in all directions

• Energy: High 

• IMAF: Low/weak (particles far apart; don't stay together)

Alloy

is a homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, one of which must be a metal. (improves metal properties, making its stronger)

Solution

a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances where the solute dissolves evenly into the solvent

Endothermic

A progress that absorbs heat from its surroundings - it takes in energy (rises in temp) EX) melting ice or photosynthesis

Exothermic

A process that releases heat or energy to its surroundings EX) burning wood or freezing water 

Heat

The transfer of energy (kinetic) from one substance to another - the transfer of thermal energy (hot to cool)

Temperature

Average Kinetic energy 

Kinetic Energy

Motion and vibration – more energy = more heat 

Energy 

flows from high to low

Vaporization

The process when a liquid changes into a gas (two kinds)

• Evaporation: Happens slowly at the surface of a liquid (homogenous)

• Boiling: Happens throughout entire liquid

Condensation

Gas changes into a liquid 

-Release of energy 

Heat Fusion 

The amount of heat (energy) needed to change a solid into a liquid without changing its temperature 

Desposition

A process when a gas changes directly into a solid without becoming a liquid 

Sublimation

The process of a substance changing directly from a solid to a gas, bypassing the liquid state

Calorimetry

Heat calculations of heat transfers in a container (closed, insulated system)