Chemistry(hell)

Matter: Anything that has mass and takes up space (has volume)

Pure: A substance that contains one type of element or compound, with no impurities or other substances mixed in

  • They have constant physical properties 

Mixture: A combination of two or more substances that are physically mixed - can be physically separated   

Heterogenous: An uneven distribution of substances mixed (you can see the different substances) EX) cereal in milk, sand and water 

Homogenous: An even mixture of two or more substances - a solution is also homogenous (you can’t visibly see the different substances) EX) Air, sugar dissolved in water, vinegar 


Compound:

A pure substance formed when two or more elements chemically combine, can be broken down by chemical reactions 

EX) (H2O) 

-homogenous

Element:

A pure substance made of only one type of atom, and can not be broken down 

EX) (H), (O2) 

-homogenous


Heterogenous:

  • Filtration: Physically separating solids from liquids (removing bigger particles from smaller ones)

Homogenous: 

  • Evaporation: a liquid becomes a gas/vapor leaving behind other particles EX) leaving s cup of water out for a few days, water evaporates into the air 

  • Distillation: Heats a liquid until it turns into gas (evaporation), then cools the gas back into liquid. - It separates solvents or solutes based on their boiling points — one evaporates first, the other stays behind.

Aqueous(aq): A substance is dissolved (mixed) in water as a liquid to form a solution - (water is the solvent - the main liquid)

EX) H20 (s) compound, Hg (l) element - capital letter, CO2(g) compound, NaCI(aq) mixture

Solvent: The substance that does the dissolving - EX) in salt water, water is the solvent

Solute: The substance that gets dissolved - EX) in salt water, salt is the solute


Molecule: Made up of two or more atoms bonded together - two oxygen atoms bonded together (O2)


Atom: The smallest unit of an element - one oxygen atom (O)

Alloy: An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of

two or more elements, one of which must be a metal. (improves metal properties, making its stronger)

Solution:  a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances where the solute dissolves evenly into the solvent

Physical: A change in size, shape, or state; no new substance 

EX) mass, volume, temperature, density, magnetism, melting point


Chemical: How a substance reacts with something else; matter will be changed into a new substance after the reaction 

EX) Iron rusting (changes from iron to iron oxide)


Endothermic: A progress that absorbs heat from its surroundings - it takes in energy (rises in temp) EX) melting ice or photosynthesis 


Exothermic: A process that releases heat or energy to its surroundings EX) burning wood or freezing water 


Heat: The transfer of energy (kinetic) from one substance to another - the transfer of thermal energy (hot to cool)


Temperature: Average Kinetic energy 

Kinetic energy: Motion and vibration – more energy = more heat 

Energy: flows from high to low


Solid: 

  • A definite shape and definite volume

  • Arrangement: particles are tightly packed 

  • Motion: slow and vibrate in place

  • Energy: Low (vibrate)

  • IMAF: High/strong forces (keeps them tightly packed to give them shape)




Liquid: 

  • No definite shape, has definite volume 

  • Arrangement: particles are close but not in fixed positions 

  • Motion: move and glides past each other, liquid flows

  • Energy: Medium 

  • IMAF: Medium forces (strong to keep particles close, but still weak to let move around)




Gas: 

  • No definite shape, no definite volume 

  • Arrangement: particles are space apart

  • Motion: move quickly and freely in all directions

  • Energy: High 

  • IMAF: Low/weak (particles far apart; don't stay together)


Vaporization: The process when a liquid changes into a gas (two kinds)

  • Evaporation: Happens slowly at the surface of a liquid (homogenous)

  • Boiling: Happens throughout entire liquid 


Condensation: Gas changes into a liquid 

-Release of energy 

Heat Fusion: The amount of heat (energy) needed to change a solid into a liquid without changing its temperature 

Deposition: A process when a gas changes directly into a solid without becoming a liquid 

Sublimation: The process of a substance changing directly from a solid to a gas, bypassing the liquid state

Calorimetry: Heat calculations of heat transfers in a container (closed, insulated system)