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Informative speech
A speech that provides knowledge about objects, topics, events, or concepts.
Expository speech
A speech that provides a detailed explanation about a systematic series of actions or how something happens, is made, or works.
Research
Gathering accurate and true information about a topic, either through personal knowledge or extensive research.
Persuasive speech
A speech that aims to affect the attitudes, values, beliefs, and actions of the audience towards the speaker's opinion.
Relevant social issue
A topic that is important and applicable to the audience, capturing their attention and increasing the chances of persuasion.
Present both sides
Showing the two opposing sides of an issue to demonstrate fairness and credibility as a speaker.
Importance of taking a stand
Explaining to the audience why taking a stand on an issue matters and how it affects them.
Practical solutions
Offering actionable solutions to urgent problems addressed in the speech, motivating the audience to take action.
Consistency
Having a clear and consistent stand on an issue throughout the speech to strengthen the speaker's ethos, logos, and pathos.
Entertainment speech
A speech that is specifically crafted to appeal to the emotions of the audience and entertain them.
Speeches for special occasions
Speeches delivered in specific events or occasions, often with an entertainment function.
Speech of introduction
A speech delivered to present the main speaker in an event, providing information about their achievements and purpose.
Speech of presentation
A speech used to give an award, recognition, or special citation to a person, highlighting their accomplishments and the reason for the honor.
Speech of acceptance
A speech given after receiving an award or recognition, expressing gratitude and acknowledging the people who made it possible.
Commemorative speech
A speech delivered to pay tribute to a specific person, group, institution, historical figure, or event.
Toast and/or roast speeches
Special kinds of commemorative speeches, where a toast speech honors an individual or couple for their achievements, while a roast speech uses humor to highlight both accomplishments and lighthearted flaws.
Read speech
A speech delivered by reading a prepared written or printed document, allowing for continuous delivery without pausing to think.
Memorized speech
A speech recited from memory, without carrying a written copy, focusing on connecting with the audience through rehearsed gestures and nonverbal cues.
Impromptu speech
A speech delivered without prior preparation, often called upon to speak at the spur of the moment, sharing authentic thoughts and opinions.
Extemporaneous speech
A speech that combines preparation, memorization, and spontaneity, commonly used in formal public speaking engagements, encompassing information, exposition, persuasion, and entertainment.
Credible information
Information that is true, correct, and reliable.
Primary sources
Original materials where information can be found, such as diaries, journals, and research published in scholarly materials.
Secondary sources
Materials that describe, analyze, or reproduce primary sources, such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, and textbooks.
Tertiary sources
Sources used to organize primary and secondary sources, such as indexes and abstracts.
Plagiarism
Using someone else's ideas or work without proper attribution.
Direct copying
Copying another person's work, word for word, without acknowledging the source.
Mosaic or patchwork plagiarism
Copying texts from different sources to create an original-looking text.
Accidental plagiarism
Unintentionally plagiarizing due to neglect, mistake, or unintentional paraphrasing.
Poor paraphrasing
Changing some words or altering word order when paraphrasing, without properly attributing the source.
Self-plagiarism
Publishing or submitting a work based on previously accomplished work.
Citing sources
Providing proper attribution to the author, material, or website from which information is obtained.
Writing in your own words
Avoiding direct copying and providing interpretations of original statements.
Paraphrasing
Rewriting the original information in your own words, while still reporting the essential information and ideas expressed by the source.
Summarizing
Condensing the essential information from a source, shortening the citation while retaining the essence of the information.
Transparency
Clearly indicating whether a certain passage is from a source or your own words.
Weighing the importance of information
Considering the relevance and impact of information in the context of a speech.
Speech Delivery
The act of presenting a speech to an audience within a specific time frame.
Short Message
A brief speech delivered to introduce a guest speaker or convey a concise message.
Entertainment Speech
A speech intended to entertain the audience, often with humor or engaging storytelling.
Informative Speech
A speech that provides valuable information or educates the audience on a specific topic.
Relevance of Information
The importance and applicability of the gathered information to the purpose of the speech.
Chronological Presentation
Organizing ideas in a speech based on the sequence of events or a timeline.
Spatial Method
Organizing ideas in a speech based on relevant spaces or locations.
Logical Importance
Organizing ideas in a speech based on their logical significance or importance.
Specificity
Organizing ideas in a speech from general concepts to more specific details.
Impromptu Speech
A speech delivered with little to no preparation time, requiring quick thinking and effective organization of ideas.
Timeline Outline
Organizing an impromptu speech by pointing to a past action, describing the present situation, and envisioning the future.
Point and Supporting Ideas
Organizing an impromptu speech by presenting a major point followed by reasons and relatable examples.
Rule of Three
Organizing an impromptu speech by presenting three major points that support the speaker's stand.
Bridging the Unknown Topic
Connecting an unfamiliar topic to something familiar to the speaker to address it effectively.
Reframing the Answer
Providing a different perspective or angle to answer a question when lacking knowledge on the specific topic.
Topic and Sentence Outlines
Creating an outline of ideas to guide the organization and structure of a speech.
Thesis statement
A complex sentence that encapsulates the topic, context, stand, major points, and possible opposing views in an outline.
Formal outlines
Outlines that can be topic or sentence outlines, with sentence outlines composed of complete sentences and topic outlines containing phrases that encapsulate the content of each item.
Item levels
The differentiation of levels in an outline, with second and third level subtopics indented and labeled properly.
Parallel construction
The idea that ideas of the same level in an outline should be parallel to each other.
Introduction
The opening part of a speech that should leave a mark on the audience, often starting with greetings and followed by strategies such as sharing an anecdote, asking a question, stating the purpose explicitly, telling jokes, providing examples, or presenting facts.
Body
The main part of a speech that follows the introduction, where the main points are stated and supported with details, evidence, and examples.
Conclusion
The final part of a speech that reinforces the thesis statement, presents the stand or purpose, motivates the audience, and provides a sense of closure, with strategies such as providing a summary, giving a clincher, challenging the audience, stating the end explicitly, or creating a loop.
Logical organization
The clear organization of ideas in a speech to ensure that points are clear and well-supported.
Duration
Considering the time given to speak and managing it effectively to provide final insights and make better sense of the points.
Word choice
Choosing appropriate words that are suitable for the audience, topic, and purpose of the speech.
Grammatical correctness
Maintaining proper use of language and following the conventions of grammar to establish credibility and ensure clear understanding of the messages.
Volume
The loudness or softness of a speaker's voice.
Pitch
The highness or lowness of the speaker's voice.
Modulation
The variation in pitch during speech delivery.
Pace
The speed at which a speaker delivers their message.
Pauses
Momentary breaks in speech delivery.
Pronunciation
The accepted standard sound and rhythm in a language.
Articulation
The physical production of sounds when pronouncing words.
Paralinguistic features
Nonverbal cues that affect speech delivery, such as physical appearance, facial expressions, gestures, and body movement.
Personal appearance
The way the audience sees and evaluates the speaker based on their perceptions of appropriateness.
Stage presence
How the speaker handles themselves on stage and commands the attention of the audience.
Facial expressions
The primary access to the speaker's emotions, conveyed through the face and eyes.
Eye contact
Directly looking at the eyes of your audience to personally connect with them and make them feel acknowledged.
Gestures
Movements of the hands and arms while speaking to convey messages and enhance speech delivery.
Visual aids
Objects, photographs, graphs, slide presentations, videos, and the speaker themselves used to communicate and support the message in a speech.
Analyzing your audience
The process of understanding and adapting to the characteristics, interests, and beliefs of the audience to tailor the speech accordingly.
Establishing a relationship with the audience
Maintaining eye contact and communication with the audience to create a connection and engage them.
Engaging the audience
Encouraging audience participation through questions, raising hands, sharing thoughts, and adjusting the speech to make them engage more.
Framing the talk
Choosing a language frame (dictator, group, or invitational) based on the audience's characteristics and intentions of the speech.
Analyzing audience beliefs
Observing audience reactions and adjusting statements to appeal to their beliefs more effectively.
Directly asking the audience
Asking questions to gauge the audience's understanding, attention, and current state of mind.
Ethics in Public Speaking
The principles and guidelines that govern the moral conduct of speakers during their presentations.
Respect your audience
Being considerate of the belief systems and differences in beliefs of your audience to avoid offending them.
Respect your audience's time
Arriving early to the venue and speaking only during the allotted time for your presentation.
Come prepared
Researching and preparing your speech, including relevant information and visual aids.
Do not mislead your audience
Using accurate information and avoiding false information or vague statements to persuade the audience.
Avoid plagiarism
Properly citing sources and not claiming the ideas of others as your own.
Ensure your objective is ethical
Using your speaking power to motivate the audience positively and avoiding promoting harmful ideologies.
Be yourself
Embracing your identity and speaking about what you know or have experienced.
Prompster
A teleprompter app for iOS users that helps with delivering read speeches or using your phone as cue cards.
Speechway
A teleprompter app commonly used by vloggers, live streamers, and TV presenters, available for Android users.
Speeko
This app can serve as your personal public speaking coach.
Public Speaking for Beginners
This app can give you a run-through of what you need to prepare.
Orai
This app serves the same function as Speeko, and this is your all-around trainer for public speaking concerns.
LikeSo Pro
You can set speech goals in this app and you will be given the right activity to achieve these goals.
Speech and Presentation Timer
This app provides an easy-access timer for your speech delivery.
Speech Timer for Talks and Presentation
This app can be used for speeches, debates, conferences, and other academic engagements. This app is available for Android users.
