Biology 151 Caleb Rounds - Exam 1 Review (HW and Quiz Questions)

A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is probably a

Select one:

a. carbohydrate.

b. lipid.

c. monosaccharide

d. carbohydrate and lipid only.

e. carbohydrate and monosaccharide only

A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is probably a

Select one:

a. carbohydrate.

b. lipid.

c. monosaccharide

d. carbohydrate and lipid only.

e. carbohydrate and monosaccharide only

E

An enzyme is likely to be what kind of biomolecule?

Select one:

a. A nucleic acid

b. A lipid

c. A carbohydrate

d. A protein

D

The long hydrocarbon fatty acid tail of a phosopholipid is

Select one:

a. hydrophilic

b. hydrophobic

c. amphipathic

d. It depends

B

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

Select one or more:

a. Phosphate

b. Ribose sugar

c. A nitrogenous base

d. An amino acid

A,B,C

What are the three elements present in all carbohydrates?

Select one or more:

a. Carbon

b. Hydrogen

c. Oxygen

d. Nitrogen

e. Phosphate

A,B,C

What are the two major functions of carbohydrates? (one is obvious, for the other, what does cellulose do?)

Select one or more:

a. Heredity

b. Cell Structure

c. Energy Storage

d. Enzymatic Digestion

B,C

Which of the following categories includes all others in the list?

Select one:

a. monosaccharide

b. disaccharide

c. starch

d. carbohydrate

e. polysaccharide

D

Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides?

Select one:

a. a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group

b. a nitrogenous base and a pentose (5-carbon) sugar

c. a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose (5-carbon) sugar

d. a phosphate group and an adenine or uracil

e. a pentose sugar and a purine or pyrimidine

C

Which of the following is not a monomer/polymer pairing?

Select one:

a. monosaccharide/polysaccharide

b. amino acid/protein

c. triglyceride/phospholipid bilayer

d. deoxyribonucleotide/DNA

e. ribonucleotide/RNA

C

Cellulase is an enzyme that fungi use to breakdown the cell walls of plants to make them into monosaccharides so they can be used for energy. Cellulase is a (first answer)___________ whereas the cell walls are (second answer)_________________.

Select one:

a. Proteins/ Lipids

b. Nucleic acids/carbohydrates

c. Lipids/ nucleic acids

d. Proteins/ carbohydrates

e. Carbohydrates/ nucleic acids

D

Nucleic acids, like DNA, can easily pass through the membrane of a cell.

Select one:

a. T because both are hydrophobic

b. T because both are hydrophilic

c. F because DNA is hydrophobic and membranes have a hydrophilic core

d. F because DNA is hydrophilic and membranes have a hydrophobic core

D

Match the description, definition or function with the molecule:

RNA

DNA

An important structural part of membranes in plants, animals, fungi and prokaryotes

Helps to increase the fluidity of animal membranes

Would make coffee taste sweet

Could be part of an enzyme

D,G,E,C,B,A

Which of the following carbohydrates is a primary metabolic fuel for humans?

Select one:

a. glucose

b. chitin

c. cellulose

d. peptidoglycan

e. All of the answers are

A,E

Which of the following is not a polymer?

Select one:

a. glucose

b. starch

c. cellulose

d. chitin (made from chains of glucose molecules and forming the cell walls of fungi and the exoskeleton of many arthropods)

e. DNA

A

Polysaccharides are

Select one:

a. Carbohydrate polymers made of monosaccharides

b. Protein polymers made of amino acids

c. Nucleic acid polymers made of amino acids

d. Phospholipid polymers made of fatty acids

e. DNA

A

The amino acids on the outside of a cytosolic protein are most likely to have what sort of R groups?

Select one:

a. Hydrophobic

b. Hydrophilic

c. Impossible to determine.

d. amphipathic

B

How does water solubility (that is whether it is a polar and therefore hydrophilic or non-polar and therefore hydrophobic molecule) affect signaling molecules?

Select one:

a. Solubility determines where a signaling molecule will bind (cytoplasm or plasma membrane).

b. Solubility determines shape and size of signaling molecules.

c. Solubility determines whether a receptor will be receptor kinase mediated or G-protein coupled.

d. All answers are correct.

e. None of these answers are correct.

B

When adrenaline is released into the blood stream it has different effects on different cells. Which of the following could account for this?

Select one:

a. They have different receptors that all bind adrenaline but have the same intracellular signaling pathway.

b. They have the same receptors but different signaling pathways. They have different DNA.

d. The cells are terminally differentiated.

B

To have communication between cells, you must have a:

Select one or more:

a. receptor

b. signaling molecule

c. responding cell

A,B,C

Which of the following types of cellular activities can be a response to cell signaling?

Select one or more:

a. cell division is triggered

b. gene expression patterns are changed Correct

c. enzyme activities are changed

d. cell signals are released to communicative with other cells

A,C

A protein on the cell surface that binds to a signaling molecule is an example of which of the following elements of cellular communication?

Select one:

a. responding cell

b. receptor molecule

c. signaling molecule

d. signaling cell

e. kinase

f. none of the above is correct

B

A receptor protein molecule binds to a ________________, which is usually a small soluble or volatile molecule.

Ligand

A hydrophobic signal, like estrogen

Select one:

a. will most likely not have a receptor

b. can pass through the cell's membrane so will have a receptor in the cytoplasm or nucleus.

c. will likely have a receptor on the cell membrane

d. will not involve any sort of transduction

B

What is the function of a phosphatase?

Select one:

a. A phosphatase removes phosphorylated amino

acids from proteins

b. A phosphatase removes the phosphate group

from phosphorylated amino acid residues in a

protein.

c. A phosphatase phosphorylates serine, threonine,

and tyrosine residues

d. A phosphatase degrades activated proteins in

the cell.

B

An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to another protein. (one word)

Kinase

Nicotine from cigarette smoke acts as a ligand and associates with specific proteins on the surface of cells in the brain, causing feelings of pleasure and well-being. Below are the events that happen in the cellular response to nicotine. Place the events in the correct order to describe the five basic steps in the pathway of a signal transduction system.

receptor binds to signal

Termination of transducation

cellular response

receptor activation

intracellular signal transduction

Receptor binds signal, receptor activation, intracellular signal transduction, cellular response, termination of transduction

You fuse the ligand binding portion of the differentiate receptor to the intracellular portion of the self renewal receptor and depleted the cell of all the normal receptors (differentiate and Self Renewal). Assume the proteins are structurally compatible. Which of the following will happen?

Select one or more:

a. Cells would differentiate in the presence of the self renewal signal

b. cells would self renew in the presence of the self renewal signal

c. these cells would be unable to differentiate in these conditions

d. cells would self renew in the presence of the differentiate signal

C,D

Consider a cell in an organism like that lovable rascal and unofficial UMass mascot the gray squirrel. If you were to isolate a cell from the squirrel's skin and one from its brain, which of the following would be true of these cells?

Select one or more:

a. 20. The cells would contain slightly different DNA bases, because the DNA is changed as cells differentiate.

b. The cells would contain the same proteins, but different ones would be activated in different cells.

c. The cells would contain the same sequence of DNA bases.

d. The cells will all be totipotent (can become any other cell in the organism's body)

e. The cells will all have derived from a single cell

C

A small number of surface receptors can ultimately generate a large intracellular response, as each step of the pathway is often expanded by signal _________.

Select one:

a.

amplification

b.

transduction

c.

negative feedback

d.

second messengers

e. any of the above

B

The correct sequence of steps in the eukaryotic cell cycle is _________________

Select one:

a. G0 -->S phase --> G1 --> S phase --> G2--> mitosis --> cytokinesis

b. G0 --> S phase--> G1 --> G2 --> cytokinesis -->mitosis

c. G1 -->S phase --> G2 --> mitosis --> cytokinesis

d. G0 --> S phase --> G1 --> S phase --> G2 --> cytokinesis --> mitosis

e. G1 --> S phase --> G2 --> cytokinesis --> mitosis

C

Complete the following sentence: Mitosis alternates in the cell cycle with...

Select one:

a. telophase

b. interphase

c. anaphase

d. metaphase

e. prophase

B

Which of the following is a protein synthesized at specific times during the cell cycle that associates with a kinase to form a catalytically active complex?

Select one:

a. p53

b. MPF

c. protein kinase

d. cyclin

e. Cdk

D

The G2/M checkpoint at the end of G2

Select one:

a. Ensures that the chromosomes are attached to the spindle

b. Ensures that the DNA is replicated

c. Makes sure that the nuclear envelope is broken down

d. Can't actually stop the cell cycle

e. Tests to see that G1 proceeded well.

B

The first gap in the cell cycle (G1) corresponds to _____.

Select one:

a.

normal growth and cell function

b.

the phase in which DNA is being replicated

c.

the beginning of mitosis

d. the phase between DNA replication and the M phase

B

After which checkpoint is the cell first committed to continue the cell cycle through M?

Select one:

a. G0

b. G1

c. G2

d. S

e. previous M

B

If a cell has accumulated DNA damage, it is unlikely to _____.

Select one:

a.

begin synthesizing new DNA

b.

activate DNA repair mechanisms

c.

enter G1 from mitosis

d. synthesize cyclin-dependent kinases

A

Which of the following is a protein maintained at constant levels throughout the cell cycle that requires cyclin to become catalytically active?

Select one:

a. PDGF

b. MPF

c. protein kinase

d. cyclin

e. Cdk

E

Most of the significant changes in activities and functions that accompany passage through a cell cycle checkpoint are regulated by the:

Select one:

a. activation of microtubules

b. changes in membrane structure

c. changes in concentration of cyclin proteins

d. activation of DNA polymerase

e. changes in concentration of CDK proteins

C

Place the phases of mitosis in order.

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

AAP is a cytosolic protein that is phosphorylated in its active state. Which of the following could inactivate the protein temporarily?

Select one:

a. An AAP kinase

b. An AAP phosphatase

c. Ubiquitin mediated degradation

d. Receptor endocytosis

e. Any of the above

B

A hydrophobic signal, like estrogen

Select one:

a. will most likely not have a receptor

b. can pass through the cell's membrane so will have a receptor in the cytoplasm or nucleus.

c. will likely have a receptor on the cell membrane

d. will not involve any sort of transduction

B

You perform an analysis of the pathway from question 4 and find the following:

compoenent Present phosphorylated?

Signal yes na

Receptor no na

TK1 yes yes

TK2 yes no

TF no na

Response genes yes na

Which two possibilities best describe these results?

Select one or more:

a. A phosphatase is active that targets TK2, and ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis has depleted TFa from the cytoplasm. Correct

b. TFa activates a phosphatase specific for both TK2 and TFa

c. Receptor-mediated endocytosis has removed the receptor from the cell surface.

d. TK1 activates both TK2, and a phosphatase that targets TFa.

C