Business Data Science Technologies Exam 1

information system

interrelated components working together to collect/process/store/disseminate info, has feedback mechanism to monitor/control operation

uses of info system

accomplish work-related tasks & everyday living activities, to analyze large amounts of data

competitive advantage benefits

generate more sales, achieves superior profit margins

how to gain competitive advantage

cost leadership, differentiation, focus, much effort to keep, managers identify/use info systems

leavitt’s diamond

used to introduce new systems to workplace, highlights people, tech infrastructure, processes & structure

benefits of leavitt’s diamond

can lower stress, encourage teamwork, increase successful implementation

leavitt’s diamond: people

most important element, require training/understanding of need for info system, motivation to use, access to support if needed

leavitt’s diamond: tech infrastructure

hardware, software, databases, networks, facilities, must meet all users need, foundation of every computer-based info system

leavitt’s diamond: processes

structured set of related activities, input- add value- create output, how to achieve result, who does what when, what if went wrong

leavitt’s diamond: structure

defines relationships btw org. members, defines roles/responsibilities (often change w new info system)

Types of info systems

Personal info system, workgroup info system, enterprise info system, inter organizational IS

Personal IS

improves productivity of individual users in performing stand-alone tasks

workgroup IS

enables ppl to work together effectively

enterprise IS

facilitates organization-wide business needs

interorganizational IS

enables sharing of into across organizational boundaries

strategic planning

managerial process meant to identify initiatives/projects to achieve, must see everything is changing

benefits of strategic planning

give framework/clearly defined direction to guide decision making & effective use of org. resources, allows org to be productive, improves communication

IS strategic planning types

cost center/service provider, business partner/peer, game changer

Cost center/service provider

inward looking, control/reduce IS costs, improve IS operations/services, react to strategic plans of business units

business partner/peer

business focused, improve IS/business partnership, control IS costs, expand IS services, execute IS projects to support business plans

game changer

outward looking, drive business innovation, deliver new products/services, use IS to achieve competitive advantage

chief info officer

employ IS departmentequipment /personnel, achieve org. goals, understand finance/accounting/return on investment

software developer

creative mind behind computer programs, develop applications/operating systems, tests/debugs/upgrades software

IS security analyst

plans/designs/implements/maintains integrity of systems/data, analyzes security measures, creates security breach action plans

systems analyst

consults w management/users, defines scope of/requirements for new IS, brings business & IS together

programmer

converts program design into a working program

web developer

designs/maintains websites performance/capability

business analyst

improve company competitiveness /performance, evaluates/solve business issues, needs broad set of business skills

RAM- random access memory

instructions/data is temporarily stored (volatile), mounted directly on main circuit board, types: Static RAM, dynamic RAM, double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM

cache memory

high-speed memory, processor can access faster than main memory

read-only memory (ROM)

nonvolatile memory w permanent storage for data/instructions that don’t change

types of ROM: Programmable ROM (PROM)

holds data & instructions that can’t be changed

types of ROM: electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM)

user-modifiable ROM, can be erased/reprogrammed repeatedly

Classes of general-purpose computers

portable computers, non portable computers, systems used by multiple users

Portable computers (general)

small enough to easily carry, used by one user ex) phone, laptop, notebook, tablet

types of non portable single user computer (general)

thin clients, desktop computers, nettop computer, workstations

thin clients (non-portable general)

low cost, centrally managed computer, no attached drives for data storage

desktop computers(non-portable general)

highly versatile, single-user computer systems, sufficient power/ memory/ storage for most business tasks

nettop computer(non-portable general)

very small/inexpensive desktop computer, used for internet access/email/web-based access/document processing/audiovisual playback, only 1/10 power needed

workstations(non-portable general)

more powerful than personal computer, small enough for desktop, support engineering/technical users

server (general)

computer employed by many users to perform specific task, offers high scalability, ex) web server, enterprise server, file server

scalability

ability to increase processing capability of computer system so it can handle more users/data/transactionsm

mainframe computer

large, powerful computer, shared by dozens-hundreds of same time users connected through a network, uses backward compatibility

backward compatibility

key feature allowing current mainframes to run software from decades ago

supercomputer

special-purpose machines designed for applications needing extensive/rapid capabilities

operating systems

set of programs controlling computers hardware, interface w application software, task management

kernel

heart of OS controlling critical processes, ties OS components together, regulates other programs

server visualization

logically dividing a single physical server’s resources to create multiple logical servers

hypervisor

virtual server program that controls host processor and resources, allocated necessary resources to each virtual machine and ensures they don’t disrupt each other

types of application software

proprietary software, off the shelf software, software as a service, workgroup application software, enterprise application

proprietary software

one of a kind software designed for a specific application for individual company org, or person using it, can give competitive advantage

off-the-shelf software

produced by software vendors to address needs theater common across businesses, org, or individuals

software as a service

third party provider hosts applications , available from any computer/device, SaaS provider handles upgrades/patches, lower cost software licensing

workgroup application software

designed to support teamwork, location doesn’t matter

web based software

ideal for group use

personal application software

can extend into workgroup application arena

enterprise application

software for org-wide business needs, shares data w other enterprise application used in the org- consider $, installation, level of training needed, integration w other applications

end user license agreement (EULA)

legal agreement btw software manufacturer & user, stipulates terms of usage, types: single-user license, individual/multiuser licenses, network/multiuser licenses

open source software

often free/distributed w source code, available for study/change/improvement, may have hidden $, support issues

GNU General public license

protects open source software

network topology

shape/structure of a network, star network, bus network, mesh networks

star network

devices connect through a single central device called the hub node

bus network

devices connected to common backbone, serves as shared communications medium

mesh networks

multiple access points link a series of devices across a large area

network types

personal area network (PAN), local area network (LAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), wide area network (WAN)

personal area network (PAN)

type of network, connects devices close to one person

local area network (LAN)

type of network, connects systems/devices within small area

metropolitan area network (MAN)

type of network, connects suers and their computers in a geographical area spanning campus/city

wide area network (WAN)

type of network, connects large geographic regions

twisted-pair wire

copper wire used for phone service, widely available, limitations on speed/distance

coaxial cable

inner conductor wire surrounded by insulation, cleaner/faster transmission, more expensive

fiber-optic cable

many thin strands of glass bound together in sheathing, light beams transmit signals, smaller than coaxial, less distortion, high transmission rates, expensive

types of wireless transmission

wireless communication, near field communication, bluetooth, wifi

wireless communication- wireless transmission

transfer of info btw 2 or more points not connected by electrical conductor, sent within range of frequencies

near field communication (NFC)- wireless transmission

very short-range wireless connectivity tech

bluetooth- wireless transmission

devices connected over 10-30 ft at 2 Mbps

wi-fi

wireless network brand owned by wifi alliance, improves interoperability of wireless local area network products

IP address

32-bit # uniquely identifying computer, divided into 4 bytes

network interface card (NIC)

circuit board/card installed into hardware device, specific MAC address burned into NICS’s ROM

Switch- network hardware

keeps record of MAC address of all devices connected to it, determines port a frame of data should be directed to

router- network hardware

directs data packets to other networks until each packet reaches destinationr

outing- network hardware

use dynamic routing to move packets, may arrive at destination device out of order

internet

infrastructure on which web exists, computers/network hardware/software/ communications media, TCP/IP protocols

world wide web

server/client software, hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), standards, markup languages combine to deliver info/services over internet

client/server architecture

many clients request/receive services from servers on networkd

main name system (DNS)

maps name ppl use to locate a website to IP address a computer uses to find website, uses URL

Uniform resource locator (URL)

web address specifying location of web page w letters/words mapping to IP address/location

search engine

enables user to find info on the web, specify keywords related to topic of interests

search engine optimization (SEO)

process for driving traffic to website, improves site’s ranking in search results

instant messaging

online/real time communication, btw 2/more ppl connected via internet

intranet

internal cormorant network using internet/WWW standards/products

extranet

built using web tech, links selected company intranet resources w customers/suppliers/other partners

virtual private network (VPN)

secure connection btw 2 internet points, encapsulates traffic w IP packets, sends packets via internet

types of attack perpetrators

careless insider, malicious employees, cybercriminal, hacktivist, lone wolf attacker, cyberterrorist

careless insider

insider who doesn’t follow org security policies allowing a cyberattack to happenl

malicious employees

insider who deliberately attempts to get access to/disrupt company’s IS & operations

cybercriminal

one who attacks computer system/network for financial gain

hacktivist

one who hacks computers/websites to promote political ideology

lone wolf attacker

one who violates computer/internet security maliciously for illegal personal gain

cyberterrorist

state-sponsored person/group who attempts to destroy infrastructure parts of gov’t/financial places/corporations/utilities/ emergency units