PAS 407 Biology Final Exam Concepts & Definitions

what is the thoracic inlet

the superior opening of the thorax

contains...

- first rib

- first thoracic vertebrae

- superior end of the manubrium

location of thorocentsisis

midscapular line at intercostal space between ribs 10-12

How many ribs are there in total?

12 pairs of ribs

number of true ribs

7

number of false ribs

ribs 8-10

number of floating ribs

11-12

external intercostals

Elevates rib cage during inspiration

internal intercostals

depresses the ribs and decreases the thoracic volume

transversus thoracis

depresses the ribs

movement of the central tendon during inspiration and expiration

inspiration : the central tendon contracts and the fibers pull it down which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity

expiration: the central tendon relaxes and is pulled upward to decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity

Layers of the abdominal wall (superficial to deep)

skin, campers fascia, scarpas fascia, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominus, transversalis fascia

all three abdominal muscular layers are innervated by what

intercostal nerves 7-11

costal recesses

during exhalation, the lungs shrink and part of the thoracic cavity folds upon itself

level of the costodiaphragmatic recess

ribs 10-12

lungs can be reinflated after a lung collapse at what rib level

intercostal space between ribs 5-6

bronchopulmonary segments in the right lung

10 segments

bronchopulmonary segments in the left lung

8

pathway of the bronchioles

main primary bronchus, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, acinus, capillary networks, pulmonary venules, hilum

cardiac notch surface anatomy

ribs 4-8

surface anatomy of the lung

ribs 6-8-10

surface anatomy of the pleura

ribs 8-10-12

right side of heart

- recieves deoxygenated blood

- pumps blood to the lungs through the pulmonary trunk

left side of heart

- recieves oxygenated blood

- pumps blood into the aorta to the systemic circulation to supply all tissues of the body

auscultation point for the aortic valve

2nd right intercostal space

auscultation point for the pulmonary valve

2nd left intercostal space

layers/tissues of the heart wall

Superficial to deep

1) epicardium (visceral pleura)

2) myocardium

3) endocardium

4) fibrous skeleton

histology of endocardium

simple squamous epithelium

During embryological development, what is the foregut, midgut, and hindgut supplied by

the celiac trunk, the superior mesenteric artery, and the inferior mesenteric artery

layers of the muscularis layer

- smooth muscle

- inner circular layer that contracts proximally

- outer longitudinal layer that contracts distally

histology of esophagus

- non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

- upper 1/3 skeletal muscle and lower 1/3 smooth muscle

- autonomic contractions move ingested material down into the esophagus

Jejunum characteristics

- thicker walls

- less extensive arcades

- longer vasa recta

Ileum characteristics

- extensive arcades

- shorter vasa recta

contents of portal triad

common bile duct, proper hepatic artery, and the portal vein

the hepatic artery supplies what to the liver

the hepatic artery delivers oxygenated blood to the hepatocytes

the portal vein supplies what to the liver

nutrient rich blood

pancreas functions

1) exocrine cells release digestive enzymes

2) endocrine cells to send signals to parts of the body for different functions

beta cells of pancreas

produce insulin and signals the liver to uptake glucose from the blood

alpha cells of pancreas

produce glucagon which signals the liver to release glucose into the blood

psoas major action

primary hip flexor

Quadratus Lumborum action

lateral flexion of the trunk

level of the caval foramen

T8

level of the esophageal hiatus

T10

level of aortic hiatus

T12

what does the vagus nerve run in between

common carotid artery and the internal jugular vein

Borders of the posterior cervical triangle

sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, clavicle

What splits the posterior cervical triangle?

the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle

borders of anterior cervical triangle

the sternocleidomastoid, midline, and the inferior border of the mandible

anterior and posterior border of the infratemporal fossa

anterior : infratemporal surface of the maxilla

posterior: sphenoid and temporal bone

superior and inferior border of the infratemporal fossa

greater wing of sphenoid

medial pterygoid

lateral and medial border of the infratemporal fossa

lateral pterygoid plate

zygomatic arch and the ramus of the mandible

temporalis muscle

- elevates the jaw

- innervated by temporal branches of v3

masseter muscle

- originates on the inferior border of the zygomatic arch and inserts on the external surface of the mandible

- elevates the jaw

- innervated by v3

lateral pterygoid

- moving the jaw from side to side

- jaw depressor and protruder

- innervated by nerve to lateral pterygoid branch of v3

medial pterygoid

- elevates the jaw

- innervated by nerve to medial pterygoid

principal blood supply to the infratemporal fossa

maxillary artery

artery that branches from the maxillary artery into the cranial fossa

- middle meningeal artery

- enters through the foramen spinosum

arteries of the pterygomaxillary portion of the maxillary artery

posterior superior alveolar artery, infraorbital a., descending palatine a., sphenopalatine a. , artery of the pterygoid canal

pterygopalatine ganglion

located in the pterygopalatine fossa

sensory branch of pterygopalatine ganglia

- from v2

- join greater and lesser palatine nerves to enter the roof of the mouth

parasympathetic branch of the pterygopalatine ganglia

- greater petrosal nerve

- parasympathetics to lacrimal gland, nasal and oral mucousa

sympathetic branch of the pterygopalatine fossa

- deep petrosal nerve

- sympathetics to lacrimal gland, nasal and oral mucosa

nerves of the opthalmic division of trigeminal

frontal, nasociliary, and lacrimal branches

function of the cililary muscle and how it is affected during looking at something far sighted vs near sighted

- the ciliary muscle is for focusing of the eye

- far sightedness : muscle relaxes

- near sightedness : muscle contracts

cricothyroid m.

- pulls the thyroid cartilage taught

- high pitched noises

- innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve

thyroarytenoid m.

- pulls the thyroid backward

- low pitched noises

posterior cricoarytenoid

abducts vocal folds

lateral cricoarytenoid

adducts vocal folds

neurovasculature for the pharynx and larynx

blood supply:

superior and inferior laryngeal arteries off of the superior and inferior thyroid branches

nerves:

superior and inferior laryngeal nerves

superior gives off external and internal laryngeal nerves